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��ࡱ�>�� z|����y��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r�.>bjbj����2r���� 6 ���������������������84k��h4ggggg�� �cheheheheheheh$j��lh�h�������h��gg4�h������g�gch��ch���g�����?`㏇��y��oh�h0�h�m��m��6jm�f<���������h�h�p����h������������������������������������������������������������������������m���������� �: research policy volume 39, issue 10, dec. 2010 1. title: the economic impact of technological and organizational innovations. a firm-level analysis authors: rinaldo evangelista, antonio vezzani abstract: by using firm-level data provided by the last round of the (italian) community innovation survey (cis4) this paper explores (in a manufacturing-services comparative framework) the relationship between technological and non-technological innovations and their impact on firms� performances. the empirical evidence presented shows that including the organizational dimension of innovation provides a much more comprehensive picture of the variegated universe of innovation in both macro-sectors. four distinct innovation modes have been identified on the basis of the ways firms combine technological and non-technological innovations. these different modes of innovation are present and relevant in both manufacturing and service sectors and have been found to have a differentiated impact on firms� performances. strategies characterized by the joint introduction of product, process and organizational innovations have been found to give to both manufacturing and service firms a clear competitive advantage vis � vis both non-innovating firms and firms with a narrow approach to innovation. a few significant differences between services and manufacturing firms in the relevance and economic impact of different types of innovation strategies have also been found. 2. title: the innovation�economic growth nexus: global evidence authors: iftekhar hasan, christopher l. tucci abstract: this paper extends the line of research attempting to link innovation to economic growth by addressing some unexplored questions. using global patent data, this paper empirically investigates the importance of both the quantity and quality of innovation on economic growth, controlling for past measures of inventive inputs. moreover, our research examines how innovation inputs can be translated into per capita growth under the various economic structures and stages of economic development. based on a sample of 58 countries for the period 1980�2003, our empirical results indicate that countries hosting firms with higher quality patents also have higher economic growth. furthermore, we have some evidence that those countries that increase the level of patenting also witness a concomitant increase in economic growth. 3. title: global health social technologies: reflections on evolving theories and landscapes authors: joanna chataway, rebecca hanlin, julius mugwagwa, lois muraguri abstract: this paper has two core purposes. first, building on nelson and sampat's work, we outline the social technology conceptual framework and explain why we favour using it to explore two global health initiatives. second, we discuss the evolution of those initiatives through the lens of the interaction between social technologies, physical technologies and general institutions. thus we reflect both on evolving conceptual landscapes on the one hand and organisational and institutional terrains on the other. the first section of the paper presents an intellectual journey and outlines our understanding and adoption of the social technology conceptual framework. this framework we argue has a number of advantages over alternative theoretical approaches and perspectives. the second section describes the context in which product development partnerships (pdps), a type of global health initiative based on a public�private partnership (ppp), have arisen. the third section develops case studies of the international aids vaccine initiative (iavi) and the malaria vaccines initiative (mvi) as social technology experiments and looks at the complex dynamics between organisation, management, scientific and r&d success and general institutional environments. we look at these social technologies as having �integrator� and �broker� roles; classifications which we argue are useful in analysing the different roles taken on by these pdps. in the conclusion we reflect on the useful ways in which the concept of social technologies can shed light on complex and networked initiatives. 4. title: knowledge coherence, variety and economic growth: manufacturing evidence from italian regions authors: francesco quatraro abstract: this paper elaborates a view on knowledge as a result of a combinatorial search activity, so as to investigate its effects on economic growth at the regional level. empirical estimations corroborate the hypothesis that knowledge coherence and variety, besides the traditional measure of knowledge stock, matter in shaping regional economic performances. the check for spatial dependence suggests that cross-regional externalities exert additional triggering effects on growth, without debasing the effects of knowledge properties. important policy implications stem from the analysis, in that regional innovation strategies should be carefully coordinated so as to reach a higher degree of internal coherence and trigger economic performances. 5. title: variety in the knowledge base of knowledge intensive business services authors: davide consoli, dioni elche-hortelano abstract: knowledge intensive business services (kibs) are intermediary firms which specialise in knowledge screening, assessment and evaluation, and trade professional consultancy services. the remarkable rise of this broad class of activities is perceived by many as the natural by-product of modern knowledge economies within which increasing specialisation induces the need for professional agents in the markets for external knowledge. this paper addresses critically a conceptual flaw in the specialised literature which portrays kibs as a homogeneous group of activities. using official data on occupational information in the united states we observe and analyse high variety across kibs sectors� occupational structures and skill requirements. 6. title: working with distant researchers�distance and content in university�industry interaction authors: anders brostr�m abstract: this paper studies the role of geographic proximity for interaction on r&d, by exploring the special case of formalised university�industry interaction in the engineering sector. while numerous studies find that geographic proximity facilitates spillover effects between university and industry by utilising evidence from e.g. patenting and publishing activities, the geographical dimension is largely understudied in studies that report evidence from direct interaction. a series of interviews with r&d managers suggests that linkages in geographical proximity are more likely than distant linkages to generate impulses to innovation and create significant learning effects at the firm. similarly, geographic proximate interaction is more likely to successfully contribute to r&d projects with short time to market. for long-term r&d projects, geographic proximity is generally seen as a less critical factor. a survey to 425 r&d managers in swedish engineering firms provides evidence that supports these hypotheses. 7. title: are patents with multiple inventors from different countries a good indicator of international r&d collaboration? the case of abb authors: anna bergek, maria bruzelius abstract: based on the critical case of abb, this paper questions the relevance of using patents with multiple inventors from different countries (�cross-country patents�) as an indicator of international r&d collaboration. the study shows that less than half of abb's cross-country patents are the result of international r&d collaboration as described by one of the more inclusive definitions found in previous literature. only a third of the patents are the result of joint r&d activities between different mnc subsidiaries or firms. we also discuss the implications of our study for the assignment of patents to countries based on inventor addresses. 8. title: globalization of r&d by us-based multinational enterprises authors: prema-chandra athukorala, archanun kohpaiboon abstract: this paper examines patterns and determinants of overseas r&d investment by us-based manufacturing mnes using a new panel dataset over the period 1990�2004. the analysis reveals that r&d intensity of operation of us mne affiliates is determined mainly by the domestic market size, overall r&d capability and cost of hiring r&d personnel. there is no evidence to suggest that r&d specific incentives have a significant impact on inter-country differences in r&d intensity when controlled for other relevant variables. overall, our findings cast doubts on the efficacy of efforts by host country governments to entice mne affiliates to engage in domestic r&d activity, in a context where r&d is becoming a truly global activity. 9. title: venture capital as a catalyst to commercialization authors: sampsa samila, olav sorenson abstract: we find that the public funding of academic research and venture capital have a complementary relationship in fostering innovation and the creation of new firms. using panel data on metropolitan areas in the united states, from 1993 to 2002, our analyses reveal that the positive relationships between government research grants to universities and research institutes and the rates of patenting and firm formation in a region become more pronounced as the supply of venture capital in that region increases. our results remain robust to estimation with an instrumental variable to address potential endogeneity in the provision of venture capital. consistent with perspectives that emphasize the importance of an innovation ecosystem, our findings point to a strong interaction between private financial intermediation and public research funding in promoting entrepreneurship and innovation. 10. title: government r&d subsidies as a signal for private investors authors: robin kleer abstract: government subsidies for r&d are intended to promote projects with high returns to society but too little private returns to be beneficial for private investors. this may be caused by spillovers or a low appropriability rate. apart from the direct funding of these projects, government grants may serve as a signal for good investments for private investors. we use a simple signaling model with different types of r&d projects to capture this phenomenon. the agency has a preference for basic research projects as they promise high expected social returns, while banks prefer applied research projects with high private returns. in a setup where the subsidy can only be used to distinguish between basic and applied research projects, government agency�s signal is not very helpful for banks. however, if the subsidy is accompanied by a quality signal, it can lead to increased or better selected private investments. 11. title: assessing the effectiveness of the eureka program authors: cristina bayona-s�ez, teresa garc�a-marco abstract: the aim of this paper is to test whether participation in a european public initiative to support market-oriented r&d, such as the eureka program, has a positive impact on the performance of participating firms and, if so, how long it is before the impact becomes apparent. these issues are explored using a dynamic panel data model covering the period 1994�2003, for a sample of 866 european firms, 284 of which completed a eureka project during the period of analysis. the results show how the completion of a eureka project has a positive influence over firm performance measured as return over assets (roa), although the effect does not manifest itself until a year after project completion. nevertheless, when the sample is divided by sector, it is obtained that, while manufacturing firms follow the general pattern of a positive effect appearing a year after project completion, the effect in non-manufacturing firms is already apparent during the year of completion. 12. title: evidence on how academics manage their portfolio of knowledge transfer activities authors: r�jean landry, malek sa�hi, nabil amara, mathieu ouimet abstract: the purpose of this paper is to explore whether six broad categories of knowledge transfer activities undertaken by academics: the creation and diffusion of knowledge through publications, transmission of knowledge through teaching, informal knowledge transfer, patenting, spin-off formation and consulting activities, are complementary, substitute, or independent, as well as the conditions under which complementarities, substitution and independence among these activities are likely to emerge. this investigation relied on data regarding 1554 researchers funded by the natural sciences and engineering research council of canada. contrary to prior studies which have examined complementarities and the determinants of knowledge transfer activities in separate models, this study relied on a multivariate path model to reflect the fact that in practice, academics consider simultaneously whether or not to undertake multiple knowledge transfer activities. overall, the results point to the existence of three very different types of knowledge transfer portfolios of activities: a first portfolio made up of complementary activities which are interdependent and reinforce each other. this portfolio includes publications, patenting, spin-off creation, consulting and informal knowledge transfer. a second portfolio includes teaching activities and publication outputs which are substitute for each other. a third portfolio comprises teaching activities and other activities independent from teaching, namely, patenting, spin-off creation, consulting and informal knowledge transfer. each of these three portfolios of knowledge transfer activities emerged under different conditions. implications are derived for managerial practice and future research.     !"#%(),./012��̺��������x�gsk>h�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�7�5�cjojqj^jajo( h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h 2e5�cjojqj^jaj h5�cjojqj^jajo( h 2e5�cjojqj^jajo( hqv%5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h�e�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�e�h�e�5�cjojqj^jaj hqv%5�cjojqj^jajo(/01��� � 1tu�"tu���������������������������;-d1$m� ����wd�`�;gd� -dm� ����gd�gd�7� -dm� ����gd�7�gd�"�$a$gd�"�2;������� � � � �  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