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volume 87, issue 2, april 2022
1. title: under the radar: visibility and the effects of discrimination lawsuits in small and large firms
authors: carly knight, frank dobbin, alexandra kalev
abstract: research on how discrimination lawsuits affect corporate diversity has yielded mixed results. qualitative studies highlight the limited efficacy of lawsuits in the typical workplace, finding that litigation frequently elicits resistance and even retribution from employers. but quantitative studies find that lawsuits can increase workforce diversity. this article develops an account of managerial resistance and firm visibility to reconcile these divergent findings. first, we synthesize job autonomy and group conflict theories to account for resistance that occurs when dominant groups perceive non-dominant groups to be attempting to usurp managerial authority, in this case through litigation. second, we integrate insights from organizational institutionalism, which suggests that highly visible firms seek to demonstrate compliance with legal and societal norms. drawing on this theory, we predict that only large, visible firms will see increases in diversity following lawsuits, and, by the same token, that the most visible workplaces of those large firms, their headquarters, will see the greatest changes. we test our hypotheses with data on litigation and workforce composition from a diverse set of 632 firms that were sued by the eeoc between 1997 and 2006. this study shows that understanding the consequences of lawsuits across firms, and across organizations within them, is key to tackling workplace discrimination.
2. title: bloodlines: national border crossings and antisemitism in weimar germany
authors: robert braun
abstract: this article argues that national border crossings act as focal points for xenophobia. two mechanisms converge to produce this pattern. first, when the nation-state is under pressure, border crossings make cross-national differences salient, producing a perceived link between international forces and socioeconomic problems of vulnerable social classes. second, border crossings come to symbolize international threats and attract aggressive nationalist mobilization by radical movements who frame ethnic outsiders as an international evil. in this distinct spatial landscape, ethnic outsiders become scapegoats for broader social problems among individuals losing social status. i develop my argument through the study of local variation in antisemitism in weimar germany before the holocaust. statistical analysis of jewish bogeymen and an in-depth exploration of local reports on antisemitism reveal how pluralism in the weimar republic started eroding among members of the lower-middle class living at the margins of the state. in doing so, i draw attention to the spatial sources of xenophobia and demonstrate that borders between nations activate borders within nations, shedding new light on the complicated relationship between pluralism and state formation.
3. title: assessing the deinstitutionalization of marriage thesis: an experimental test
authors: blaine g. robbins, aim�e dechter, sabino kornrich
abstract: this article seeks to experimentally evaluate the thesis that marriage is deinstitutionalized in the united states. to do so, we map the character of the norm about whether different-sex couples ought to marry, and we identify the extent to which the norm is strong or weak along four dimensions: polarity, whether the norm is prescriptive, proscriptive, bipolar (both prescriptive and proscriptive), or nonexistent; conditionality, whether the norm holds under all circumstances; intensity, the degree to which individuals subscribe to the norm; and consensus, the extent to which individuals share the norm. results of a factorial survey experiment administered to a disproportionate stratified random sample of u.s. adults (n = 1,823) indicate that the norm to marry is weak: it is largely bipolar, conditional, and of low-to-moderate intensity, with disagreement over the norm as well as the circumstances demarcating the norm. while the norm to marry is different for men and women and for black and white respondents, the amount of disagreement (or lack of consensus) within groups is comparable between groups. we find no significant differences across socioeconomic status (education, income, and occupational class). overall, our findings support key claims of the deinstitutionalization of marriage thesis.
4. title: factors affecting public opinion on the denial of healthcare to transgender persons
authors: long doan, matthew k. grace
abstract: between one-fifth and a third of people who are transgender have been refused treatment by a medical provider due to their gender identity. yet, we know little about the factors that shape public opinion on this issue. we present results from a nationally representative survey experiment (n = 4,876) that examines how common justifications issued by providers for the denial of healthcare, and the race and gender identity of the person being denied care, intersect to shape public opinion concerning the acceptability of treatment refusal. we find that religious objections are viewed as less acceptable compared to a medical justification, in this case, inadequate training. however, the difference between religious objections and inadequate training is larger when the person being denied healthcare is white or asian than when the person is black or latinx. analysis of open-ended responses indicates the modest effect of doctor�s rationale on attitudes toward treatment refusal with respect to black and latinx patients is partially attributable to a racialized, free-market logic. respondents were more likely to advocate for a doctor�s fundamental right to refuse service when evaluating black and latinx patients compared to white patients. we discuss the implications of these findings for intersectional approaches to trans studies and future public opinion research.
5. title: intersecting the academic gender gap: the education of lesbian, gay, and bisexual america
authors: joel mittleman
abstract: although gender is central to contemporary accounts of educational stratification, sexuality has been largely invisible as a population-level axis of academic inequality. taking advantage of major recent data expansions, the current study establishes sexuality as a core dimension of educational stratification in the united states. first, i analyze lesbian, gay, and bisexual (lgb) adults� college completion rates: overall, by race/ethnicity, and by birth cohort. then, using new data from the high school longitudinal survey of 2009, i analyze lgb students� performance on a full range of achievement and attainment measures. across analyses, i reveal two demographic facts. first, women�s rising academic advantages are largely confined to straight women: although lesbian women historically outpaced straight women, in contemporary cohorts, lesbian and bisexual women face significant academic disadvantages. second, boys� well-documented underperformance obscures one group with remarkably high levels of school success: gay boys. given these facts, i propose that marginalization from hegemonic gender norms has important�but asymmetric�impacts on men�s and women�s academic success. to illustrate this point, i apply what i call a �gender predictive� approach, using supervised machine learning methods to uncover patterns of inequality otherwise obscured by the binary sex/gender measures typically available in population research.
6. title: from bat mitzvah to the bar: religious habitus, self-concept, and women�s educational outcomes
authors: ilana m. horwitz, kaylee t. matheny, krystal laryea, landon schnabel
abstract: this study considers the role of religious habitus and self-concept in educational stratification. we follow 3,238 adolescents for 13 years by linking the national study of youth and religion to the national student clearinghouse. survey data reveal that girls with a jewish upbringing have two distinct postsecondary patterns compared to girls with a non-jewish upbringing, even after controlling for social origins: (1) they are 23 percentage points more likely to graduate college, and (2) they graduate from much more selective colleges. we then analyze 107 interviews with 33 girls from comparable social origins interviewed repeatedly between adolescence and emerging adulthood. girls raised by jewish parents articulate a self-concept marked by ambitious career goals and an eagerness to have new experiences. for these girls, elite higher education and graduate school are central to attaining self-concept congruence. in contrast, girls raised by non-jewish parents tend to prioritize motherhood and have humbler employment aims. for them, graduating from college, regardless of its prestige, is sufficient for self-concept congruence. we conclude that religious subculture is a key factor in educational stratification, and divergent paths to self-concept congruence can help explain why educational outcomes vary by religion in gendered ways.
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