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�������������---8e<�- k4�����{j}j}j}j}j}j}j$tl��nh�j9�j��4�j���`��{j�{j��������@� �%�-g�gj�j0 k�>og�>o��n/>o h<��j�j�� k��������������������������������������������������������������������>o��: hyperlink "http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/34787/home" journal of policy analysis and management
volume 29, issue 3, summer 2010
1. title: status versus growth: the distributional effects of school accountability policies�
authors: helen f. ladd, douglas l. lauen
abstract: although the federal no child left behind program judges the effectiveness of schools based on their students' achievement status, many policy analysts argue that schools should be measured, instead, by their students' achievement growth. using a 10-year student-level panel data set from north carolina, we examine how school-specific pressure associated with status and growth approaches to school accountability affect student achievement at different points in the prior-year achievement distribution. achievement gains for students below the proficiency cut point emerge in schools failing either type of accountability standard, with the effects clearer for math than for reading. in contrast to prior research highlighting the possibility of educational triage, we find little or no evidence that failing schools in north carolina ignore the students far below proficiency under either approach. importantly, we find that the status, but not the growth, approach reduces the reading achievement of higher performing students. our analysis suggests that the distributional effects of accountability pressure depend not only on the type of pressure for which schools are held accountable (status or growth), but also the tested subject.
2. title: do financial incentives help low-performing schools attract and keep academically talented teachers? evidence from california�
authors: jennifer l. steele, richard j. murnane, john b. willett
abstract: this study capitalizes on a natural experiment that occurred in california between 2000 and 2002. in those years, the state offered a competitively allocated $20,000 incentive called the governor's teaching fellowship (gtf) aimed at attracting academically talented, novice teachers to low-performing schools and retaining them in those schools for at least four years. taking advantage of data on the career histories of 27,106 individuals who pursued california teaching licenses between 1998 and 2003, we use an instrumental variable strategy to estimate the unbiased impact of the gtf on the decisions of recipients to begin working in low-performing schools within 2 years after licensure program enrollment. we estimate that gtf recipients would have been less likely to teach in low-performing schools than observably similar counterparts had the gtf not existed, but that acquiring a gtf increased their probability of doing so by 28 percentage points. examining retention patterns, we find that 75 percent of both gtf recipients and nonrecipients who began working in low-performing schools remained in such schools for at least four years.
3. title: the effects of the national school lunch program on education and health�
authors: peter hinrichs
abstract: this paper estimates the effects of participating in the national school lunch program in the middle of the 20th century on adult health outcomes and educational attainment. i utilize an instrumental variables strategy that exploits a change in the formula used by the federal government to allocate funding to the states. identification is achieved by the fact that different birth cohorts were exposed to different degrees to the original formula and the new formula, along with the fact that the change of the formula affected states differentially by per capita income. participation in the program as a child appears to have few long-run effects on health, but the effects on educational attainment are sizable. these results may suggest that subsidized lunches induced children to attend school but displaced food consumption from other sources. alternatively, the program may have had short-run health effects that dissipated over time but that facilitated higher educational attainment.
4. title: does supported employment work?
authors: melayne morgan mcinnes, orgul demet ozturk, suzanne mcdermott, joshua r. mann
abstract: providing employment-related services, including supported employment through job coaches, has been a priority in federal policy since the enactment of the developmental disabilities assistance and bill of rights act in 1984. we take advantage of a unique panel data set of all clients served by the south carolina department of disabilities and special needs between 1999 and 2005 to investigate whether job coaching leads to stable employment in community settings. the data contain information on individual characteristics, such as iq and the presence of emotional and behavioral problems, that are likely to affect both employment propensity and likelihood of receiving job coaching. our results show that unobserved individual characteristics and endogeneity strongly bias naive estimates of the effects of job coaching. however, even after correcting for these biases, an economically and statistically significant treatment effect remains.
5. title: financial aid and for-profit colleges: does aid encourage entry?
authors: stephanie riegg cellini
abstract: concerns over rising college tuition and slow economic growth have brought renewed attention to the role of federal and state financial aid programs in opening access to education. despite a large body of literature examining the effects of grant aid on four-year and public two-year college enrollment, for-profit colleges�-�particularly the vast majority that offer two-year degrees and certificates�-�have largely been ignored. using panel data methods and a new administrative data set of for-profit colleges operating in california between 1989 and 2003, i assess the impact of the federal pell grant program, the g.i. bill, and california's cal grant program on the net number of for-profit colleges per county. the results suggest that for both pell and cal grants, increases in the per-student maximum award encourage for-profit entry. this relationship is particularly strong in counties with high adult poverty levels, where more students are eligible for aid. further, these gains in the private sector do not appear to come at the expense of the public sector. rather, public community colleges also experience enrollment gains as the generosity of pell and cal grants increases, although this reaction appears to be weaker than the reaction of for-profits.
6. title: is private production of public services cheaper than public production? a meta-regression analysis of solid waste and water services�
authors: germ� bel, xavier fageda, mildred e. warner
abstract: privatization of local government services is assumed to deliver cost savings, but empirical evidence for this from around the world is mixed. we conduct a meta-regression analysis of all econometric studies examining privatization of water distribution and solid waste collection services and find no systematic support for lower costs with private production. differences in study results are explained by differences in time period of the analyses, service characteristics, and policy environment. we do not find a genuine empirical effect of cost savings resulting from private production. the results suggest that to ensure cost savings, more attention be given to the cost characteristics of the service, the transaction costs involved, and the policy environment stimulating competition, rather than to the debate over public versus private delivery of these services.
7. title: what drives the diffusion of inclusionary zoning?
authors: rachel meltzer, jenny schuetz
abstract: social scientists offer competing theories on what explains the policymaking process. these typically include economic rationalism, political competition or power struggles, and policy imitation of the kind that diffuses across spatially proximate neighbors. in this paper, we examine the factors that have influenced a recent local policy trend in california: inclusionary zoning (iz). iz programs require developers to make a certain percentage of the units within their market-rate residential developments affordable to low- or moderate-income households. by 2007, 68 percent of jurisdictions in the san francisco bay area had adopted some type of iz policy. we test the relative importance of economic, political, and spatial factors in explaining the rapid diffusion of iz, across 100 cities and towns in the bay area. consistent with an economic efficiency argument, results of hazard models provide some evidence that iz is adopted in places with less affordable housing. however, political factors, such as partisan affiliation and the strength of affordable housing nonprofits, are even more robust predictors of whether or not a local government adopts iz. there is no evidence of spatial diffusion in the case of iz adoption; jurisdictions are not, on average, responding to the behavior of their neighbors.
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8. title: the character of harms: operational challenges in control
authors: heather e. campbell
abstract: the article reviews the book the character of harms: operational challenges in control by malcolm k. sparrow.
9. title: at war with the weather: managing large-scale risks in a new era of catastrophes
authors: heather e. campbell
abstract: the article reviews the book �at war with the weather: managing large-scale risks in a new era of catastrophes� by howard c. kunreuther and erwann o. michel-kerjan, with neil a. doherty, martin f. grace, robert w. klein, and mark v. pauly.
10. title: structuring an energy technology revolution
authors: jonathan b. wiener
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