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volume 171, issue 11, november 2023
1. title: the effect of administrative divisions on the distribution of individual income in the new territories of chile
authors: roberto herrera, gabriel pino
abstract: developing countries often subdivide territory as a means to address excessive centralization; however, there is no existing empirical evidence to support this tool as an effective policy in increasing the living standards of residents. we focus on chile and analyze the impact of a change in the administrative division on income distribution via two regions created in 2007 (los r�os, arica and parinacota). this is done via a multilevel structured additive regression (star) model between 2003 and 2011. our results indicate an increase in the mean, median, and mode of individual income in the post-treatment period in the region of los r�os versus individuals in unaltered regions. however, we do not observe beneficial effects in the income distribution for arica and parinacota. the effect from subdividing territory is therefore not transversal but can depend on the quality of (and the relationship between) the regional and municipal governments as well as the initial socioeconomic and demographic conditions of each territory.
2. title: towards an effective gender integration in the armed forces: the case of the colombian army military academy
authors: andres eduardo fernandez-osorio, marina miron, leidy johana cabrera-cabrera, maria antonieta corcione-nieto, luisa fernanda villalba-garcia
abstract: the importance of gender integration in the armed forces is well-established in the scholarly literature, as it plays a vital role in conflict prevention and resolution, offering an innovative understanding of security issues. however, the discussion has omitted critical issues involving women's integration into militaries other than in developed countries, the military academies' role in fostering respect for women's rights, and the importance of ongoing gender-equality policy assessment. this article aims to broaden this discussion by focusing on the case of colombia, a conflicted country whose military has extensive combat experience and where societal sexism, and prejudices remain prevalent. to this end, it examines the army military academy (escuela militar de cadetes general jose maria cordova) and its gender-equality policy, atenea. the statistical methods show that customary predictors of support for women used to study nato and developed countries should be carefully used when exploring militaries in countries like colombia, where individual biases associated with typecasts and traditionally male-dominated cultures usually restrict equal opportunities and support for women in the military profession. it finds the role of military academies significant in fostering cohesion and respect for women's rights, concluding that the ongoing evaluation of gender-equality policies and strategies is paramount to promoting and guaranteeing an egalitarian environment.
3. title: child poverty among refugees
authors: theresa p. beltramo, rossella calvi, giacomo de giorgi, ibrahima sarr
abstract: there are now more violent conflicts globally than at any time in the past three decades, resulting in the largest forced displacement crisis ever recorded. understanding at a granular level the well-being of refugees is essential to inform successful poverty alleviation strategies and unlock refugees� potential. as forced displacement can lead to a reorganization of a family�s structure, we use a structural model in combination with data from refugee camps and surrounding communities in uganda and kenya to estimate the allocation of consumption within families. we compute poverty rates that account for intra-household inequality, finding that refugee children can be up to three times more likely to be poor than adults. so, refugee children not only suffer from the experience of forced migration, but also from potentially low nutrition and a disproportionately higher poverty risk. using a supervised machine learning algorithm, we show that a small set of observable traits, such as a child�s age, household composition, and access to sanitation and clean water, predict child poverty in refugee settlements and surrounding communities remarkably well, often better than per-capita household expenditure.
4. title: roads, women�s employment, and gender equity: evidence from cambodia
authors: sebastian anti, zhihui zhang
abstract: much recent research has focused on the local economic effects of road development but has neglected how investments in infrastructure can affect socio-cultural dynamics. this study uses data from the demographic and health surveys to measure the effects of a road building program in cambodia on women�s employment, use of contraception, attitudes regarding and experience with domestic violence, and decision making over resources in the household within a spatial differences-in-differences framework. we find that the amount of road built within 15 km of a respondent�s home results in increases in women�s ability to make decisions over their healthcare, household spending decisions, and ability to refuse sex with one�s partner. we also find that exposure to the program results in a decrease in acceptance and experience of spousal abuse, particularly non-physical abuse. this occurs despite finding that the road program had a negative effect on the likelihood that respondents work outside the home. we conclude that road construction has a measurable and large impact on the social and economic position of women and this can be the case even while women become less involved in work outside the home.
5. title: no man is an island: a spatially explicit approach to measure development resilience
authors: antonio scognamillo, chun song, adriana ignaciuk
abstract: building resilience is paramount in the development and humanitarian agenda, yet existing resilience measures �are all, at best, imperfect, and at worst, deeply flawed� (upton, constenla-villoslada and barrett, 2022). this study contributes to improving the conceptualization and the measurement of resilience. conceptually, it builds on the notion of systemic resilience. operationally, it explicitly models the spatial structure underlying human-system interactions and locational effects. to do so, a generalization of the conditional moments of well-being approach (ciss� and barrett, 2018) is proposed. our method has relatively low data requirements and is reasonably straightforward to implement. it largely preserves the desirable in-sample features of the parent method while significantly increasing the targeting accuracy. from a policy perspective, incorporating spatial elements into measuring resilience has the potential to improve resource allocation efficiency for development and humanitarian interventions. it also emphasizes the importance of synergizing community-based interventions to complement household-level ones in building resilience.
6. title: gender and agricultural productivity: econometric evidence from malawi, tanzania, and uganda
authors: jacques c. julien, boris e. bravo-ureta, nicholas e. rada
abstract: agricultural productivity gaps between men and women have been widely documented in many sub-saharan african countries. fundamentally, though, we contend that women have the same inherent intellectual (and thus farm management) capabilities as men but are inhibited by local conditions that put them at a disadvantage. we, therefore, hypothesize that by controlling for observed socio-economic, geographic, and agro-ecological characteristics, gender related farm productivity gaps would fade. drawing on the living standards measurement study�integrated surveys on agriculture for malawi, tanzania, and uganda, we first match on observables to select comparable plots managed by male and female farmers, then estimate correlated true random effects stochastic production frontiers, followed by a meta-frontier to examine total factor productivity (tfp) and benchmarked technical efficiency. at the core of our approach is controlling for systematic observed and unobserved heterogeneity that could bias the comparative analysis. results are mixed, but they tend to support our hypothesis. in malawi, where we find market imperfections favor female farmers, women are more efficient than are male farmers and they exhibit tfp performance parity. in contrast, tanzanian and ugandan labor market imperfections favor male farmers, as do efficiency and tfp performance estimates.
7. title: turning poo into profit? the troubled politics of a biogas-based sanitation business model in mozambique
authors: chris b�scher
abstract: business models based on resource recovery and reuse (rrr) are presented by various actors as innovative and promising solutions to sanitation problems in development contexts. this article suggests that these models must be seen instead as a contemporary neoliberal approach to sanitation development, shaped by the rrr �waste regime�. under this regime, (human) waste is not only revalued as a renewable resource rather than disposable dirt, but simultaneously treated as a potential commodity. the idea of poo as a potential resource and profitable commodity has given rise to the main promise of sanitation business models in development: long-term sustainability of sanitation facilities, based on cost-recovery or commercial viability through market-led innovation and entrepreneurship by the poor. i critically examine this promise for a sanitation business model piloted in two towns in mozambique. this model sought to �turn poo into profit� through the production and commercial use of biogas, extracted out of human and other types of waste using anaerobic digestion. the study, based on interviews and documentary analysis, finds that an exclusionary and contested �politics of poo� underpinned the process of developing this model. the persistent, but increasingly fruitless pursuit of rendering the model commercially viable heavily divided the actors who were closely involved in the process, rendering the pilot contested. actors who should have been closely involved, i.e. targeted people and the mozambican public agency responsible for sanitation in the towns, were largely excluded in the process as they were not familiar with, or interested in, the ideas and market discourses specific to sanitation business models. the article concludes that those propagating sanitation business models based on biogas need to come to grips with the likelihood that poo may perhaps not have a golden future in development.
8. title: automated deindustrialization: how global robotization affects emerging economies�evidence from brazil
authors: henry stemmler
abstract: there are growing concerns that automation technology may have far-reaching implications for development, by restructuring global value chains and substituting workers. this paper investigates how domestic and foreign automation impact a resource-rich emerging economy. the empirical analysis builds on a ricardian model of trade and a shift-share approach. differences in regional industrial compositions are used to translate domestic industry-level robot adoption to local labor markets in brazil. differential trade and inter-sectoral input�output linkages between a foreign industry and regions in brazil are leveraged to construct a measure of exposure to foreign automation. instrumental variables account for endogeneity in robot adoption. larger exposure to foreign automation is found to decrease the share of manufacturing employment and increase the share of employment in the mining sector. these shifts are driven by changes in the demand for export goods from local labor markets. domestic automation benefits higher skilled and female workers. the findings suggest that foreign automation may contribute to �premature deindustrialization� in emerging economies.
9. title: joint decision-making, technology adoption and food security: evidence from rice varieties in eastern india
authors: maria luz l. malabayabas, ashok k. mishra, valerien o. pede
abstract: this study investigates the effect of married couples� joint decision-making on rice variety selection on rice productivity�a measure of food security. the study uses the 2016 rice monitoring survey and the endogenous switching regression (esr) method. results show that rice farms with joint decision-makers (husband and wife) would have higher yields, particularly in households that adopted mrvgen1 (before 1986) rice varieties. thus, families with joint-decision making have higher food security. intervention programs for food insecurity should acknowledge and incorporate information regarding the persons responsible for making rice varietal decisions and the characteristics of modern rice varieties to ensure food security.
10. title: revisiting the effects of the ethiopian land tenure reform using satellite data. a focus on agricultural productivity, climate change mitigation and adaptation
authors: alexis rampa, stefania lovo
abstract: this study examines the effects of the land registration and certification programme introduced in 1998 in the tigray region of ethiopia on agricultural productivity, climate change mitigation and adaptation. we use satellite-based measures of greenness and implement a difference-in-differences approach, comparing pixels on both sides of the tigray-amhara regional border. results show positive and persistent effects of the programme on agricultural productivity and climate change mitigation. by examining years when adverse climate and weather events occurred, we also find evidence of increased adaptation to climate change. we show that our results are consistent with the reform enhancing farmers� tenure security and inducing an increase in the adoption of climate smart agricultural practices.
11. title: varieties of participatory institutions and interest intermediation
authors: lindsay mayka, jared abbott
abstract: although participatory institutions have become ubiquitous in contemporary politics, they often serve such different objectives that viewing the institutions as part of the same phenomenon can produce more confusion than clarity. we argue that participatory institutions can serve distinct and even opposite functions in interest intermediation, and develop a conceptual framework that distinguishes participatory institutions based on 1) what political project they were established to advance, 2) whose participation is channeled into these venues, and 3) how participatory institutions engage participants in the policymaking. we illustrate this framework with cases from brazil, peru, venezuela, and ecuador. we show that participatory institutions can serve a wide array of political projects that connect citizens to the state in radically different ways, including restructuring state-society relations to empower marginalized groups, increasing civil society influence over policymaking and government oversight, expanding parties� electoral coalitions, and constraining the influence of disruptive social movements.
12. title: the gendered effects of investing in physical and social infrastructure
authors: sarah f. small, yana van der meulen rodgers
abstract: poor infrastructure practices that do not reflect principles of inclusiveness can create real barriers for women which prevent them from effectively participating in the economy. in light of these challenges, we provide a narrative review of studies on the gendered effects of physical and social infrastructure development. we provide a critical analysis of the methodologies commonly used in such studies, and we integrate analysis of strengths and weaknesses of each method in the context of measuring women�s empowerment. we conclude with implications for policy and needs for future research. ultimately, incorporating gender dimensions into infrastructure planning matters not only for individual well- being but also for promoting overall inclusive and sustainable development.
13. title: an intervention-focused review of modern slave labor in brazil�s mining sector
authors: vaiddehi bansal, jessica wallach, juliana lira brand�o, sarah lord, ... cathy zimmerman
abstract: mining constitutes an important sector in brazil�s economy and has a history of modern slave labor. brazil is the second largest producer of iron ore and manganese, a major exporter of gold and copper, and holds 40% of the world�s tantalum reserves. the aim of this review is to summarize literature on modern slave labor in artisinal and small-scale mining in brazil�s gold mining sector. peer-reviewed and gray literature were screened for relevance and a total of 60 articles were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. findings indicate that miners in modern slave labor are often seasonal migrants and the severity of exploitation depends on the size, formality, and legality of the mines. a range of factors influence modern slave labor in asm, including socio-economic discrepancies, seasonal labor migration, informality, weak sanctions against companies that use modern slave labor, and inadequte reintegration programs for victims. the significance of this study lies in its contribution to limited peer-reviewed literature on modern slave labor in asm and its insights for designing and implementing effective, environmentally-conscious, and gender-sensitive interventions. the study underscores the urgency for addressing modern slave labor in asm, given its adverse impacts on the workers� well-being, mining communities, and the environment.
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