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��ࡱ�>�� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r��bjbj��2��}�}ة ���������������������8/� 4�$tl?????sss[s]s]s]s]s]s]s$�u�2x8�s]�sssss�s��??4�syyysz�?�?[sys[syyy?����`�6 ����ygs�s0$tyjxgrjxyy�/jx�3ossysssss�s�s��sss$tssss��������������������������������������������������������������������jxsssssssss� �: research policy volume 52, issue 1, january 2023 1. title: technology transfer from national/federal labs and public research institutes: managerial and policy implications authors: donald siegel, marcel l.a.m. bogers, p. devereaux jennings, lan xue abstract: while technology transfer at universities has received considerable attention in the innovation and entrepreneurship literature, we know much less about technology transfer at national/federal labs and (non-university) public research institutes. in this article and the related special section, we aim to fill this void. we provide a rationale for our special section on technology transfer from national/federal labs and public research institutes, summarize the papers in the special section, highlight research questions, theories, data and methods, key findings and conclusions. we conclude by outlining a research agenda for multi-level research on agents, institutions, and regions to improve our understanding of the managerial and public policy implications of technology transfer from these institutions. 2. title: disclosure rules and declared essential patents authors: rudi bekkers, christian catalini, arianna martinelli, cesare righi, timothy simcoe abstract: many standard setting organizations (ssos) require participants to disclose patents that might be infringed by implementing a proposed standard, and commit to license their �essential� patents on terms that are fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (frand). data from sso intellectual property disclosures have been used in academic studies to provide a window into the standard setting process, and in legal proceedings to assess the relative contribution of different parties to a standard. we describe the disclosure process, discuss the link between sso rules and patent-holder incentives, and analyze disclosure practices using a novel dataset constructed from the disclosure archives of thirteen major ssos. our empirical results suggest that subtle differences in sso policies influence which patents are disclosed, the terms of licensing commitments, and ultimately long-run citation and litigation rates for the underlying patents. thus, while policy debates sometimes characterize ssos as a relatively homogeneous set of institutions, our results point in the opposite direction � towards the importance of recognizing heterogeneity in sso policies and practices. 3. title: decertification in quality-management standards by incrementally and radically innovative organizations authors: joseph a. clougherty, michab grajek abstract: the literature on quality-management standards has generally focused on the drivers, motivations, and performance effects of adopting such standards. yet the last decade has witnessed a substantial degree of decertification behavior, as organizations have increasingly decided to voluntarily withdraw from quality-management standards by not recertifying. while the drivers of the decision to initially adopt quality-management standards have been extensively studied, the drivers of the decision to decertify have received scant scholarly attention. we argue that innovative organizations are generally prone to retaining quality-management certification and thus exhibit a tendency to not abandon certification; however, radically-innovative organizations are more prone than incrementally-innovative organizations to discontinue quality-management standards and thereby exhibit a tendency to withdraw from quality certification. we compile world bank data surveying facilities based in 50 countries and 103 industrial sectors across the 2003 to 2017 period. taking advantage of the data's panel properties yields a dataset composed of up to 1755 facility-level observations of recertification decisions for empirical analysis. our empirical testing employs a probit estimation technique that accounts for the appropriate fixed effects and generates results that support our theoretical priors regarding decertification behavior. 4. title: acceptance of chinese latecomers' technological contributions in international ict standardization � the role of origin, experience and collaboration authors: lennart schott, kerstin j. schaefer abstract: as technical standards are an important part of china's industrial transformation towards an innovation-driven economy, chinese organizations have started to deploy substantial resources in recent years to take on a leading role in international ict standardization. however, many chinese organizations experience, similar to other latecomers to standardization, limited success when contributing to standardization processes, a phenomenon also referred to as the standardization gap. the literature on standardization to date has paid little attention to how chinese latecomers enter and influence international standardization processes that have traditionally been shaped by organizations from industrialized countries. we therefore analyze the country-of-origin effect as well as factors such as experience and collaboration for successful contributions of chinese organizations to standards. using data from the third generation partnership project (3gpp) and binary logistic regression analysis, we are able to show that, in our sample, contributions from chinese latecomers are significantly less likely to be accepted than those from more established actors from industrialized economies. moreover, our findings indicate that experience is closely associated with success in international ict standardization, but not moderated by national origin. therefore, chinese latecomers might not be able to catch up if they move at the same pace as established competitors. they need to find a way to leapfrog extensive development steps, narrow the standardization capability gap, and thus strengthen their participation and influence. one way to do so might be through strategic collaboration, as our results suggest that chinese organizations benefit more from collaborating with organizations from more established regions than vice versa, on which we call for further research to establish the causal mechanisms. 5. title: patents, industry control, and the rise of the giant american corporation authors: peter scott, anna spadavecchia abstract: we examine how some early corporations used patents to control competition, thus creating monopoly or cartel positions, with super-normal profits. we thus highlight one economic rationale for the rise of the giant corporation, expanding the chandlerian paradigm. based on evidence from the house of representatives', 1912 �oldfield hearings� and three industry case studies, we demonstrate how patent pools and restrictive licensing of fundamental patents led to the stifling of innovation and to negative competition and welfare effects. focusing on pooling and licensing agreements is particularly important, as these, unlike patents themselves, are not normally open to public scrutiny. 6. title: the digitalisation paradox of everyday scientific labour: how mundane knowledge work is amplified and diversified in the biosciences authors: barbara ribeiro, robert meckin, andrew balmer, philip shapira abstract: this paper examines how automation and digitalisation influence the way everyday scientific work practices are organised and conducted. drawing on a practice-based study of the field of synthetic biology, the paper uses ethnographic, interview and survey data to offer a sociomaterial and relational perspective of technological change. as automation and digitalisation are deployed in research settings, our results show the emergence and persistence of what we call �mundane knowledge work�, including practices of checking, sharing and standardising data; and preparing, repairing and supervising laboratory robots. while these are subsidiary practices that are often invisible in comparison to scientific outputs used to measure performance, we find that mundane knowledge work constitutes a fundamental part of automated and digitalised biosciences, shaping scientists' working time and responsibilities. contrary to expectations of the removal of such work by automation and digitalisation, we show that mundane work around data and robots persists through �amplification� and �diversification� processes. we argue that the persistence of mundane knowledge work suggests a digitalisation paradox in the context of everyday labour: while robotics and advanced data analytics aim at simplifying work processes, they also contribute to increasing their complexity in terms of number and diversity of tasks in creative, knowledge-intensive professions. 7. title: knowledge spillovers and intangible complementarities: empirical case of european countries authors: alberto nonnis, ahmed bounfour, keungoui kim abstract: most studies on knowledge diffusion and productivity focus on either r&d, foreign direct investment or patent citation flows, and rarely consider complementary, intangible investments such as business process redesign, the co-invention of new products and business models, and investments in human capital. although the effects of complementary investments and their spillovers are often mentioned in the literature, there is a lack of in-depth research. this study aims to fill this gap, taking into account knowledge diffusion and complementarities between different intangible assets, and evaluating their effects on productivity. we propose new measures of knowledge, which consider these complementarities, by using principal component analysis (pca) to aggregate intangibles, and the niche overlap index to ease interpretation. the analysis is conducted on an unbalanced country-industry panel dataset of 13 european countries, constructed from a combination of sources such as intan-invest, wiod, world bank and eu-klems. we develop total factor productivity proxies, and estimate the effects of knowledge diffusion on productivity by means of gmm panel regressions. results confirm the importance of considering complementarities for detecting knowledge spillover effects, especially in the case of domestic spillovers, while foreign spillovers are shown to be less effective, supporting the view of knowledge spillovers as a prevalently localised phenomenon. 8. title: r&d subsidies in permissive and restrictive environment: evidence from korea authors: yumi koh, gea m. lee abstract: this paper investigates the extent to which a regulatory environment for r&d subsidies shapes the magnitude and direction of r&d subsidies set by a government and consequent innovation paths. when the wto adopted a permissive regulatory environment, we find that the korean government increased r&d subsidies significantly (89.21%) and selectively so for firms and industries with higher returns. recipient firms conducted less basic research and more development research. improvements in innovations were mostly incremental and minor. however, such changes did not persist once the wto switched to a restrictive regulatory environment. our findings show that the regulatory environment imposed by the wto largely affects allocation of r&d subsidies and suggest that a permissive regulatory environment may not necessarily maximize the potential for breakthrough innovations. 9. title: business optimism and the innovation-profitability nexus: introducing the covid-19 adaptable capacity framework authors: king yoong lim, diego morris abstract: in this paper we develop a novel multi-stage integrative framework for technology foresight-planning. this framework integrates econometric analysis and a technology foresight procedure to predict: (i) the most covid-19 resilient industries at the national level; and (ii) the most adversely affected industries (due to prior investment in innovation) that requires public support. our econometric results show that the pandemic has induced a �double-edge sword� effect of innovation on firm�s covid-19 adaptable capacity (cac). costly innovation undertaken before the pandemic can be bad for firms if it compounds the problem of declining post-pandemic outbreak profit and optimism. contrarily, firm level innovation improves firm�s cac as the prior innovators� profitability are found to have above-even odds of rebounding quickly post-pandemic outbreak. our empirical analysis focuses mostly on developing economies, where firms are most likely implementing only incremental (non-frontier) innovation and thus our results should be generalized with caution. 10. title: social movements and entrepreneurial activity: a study of the u.s. solar energy industry authors: desir�e f. pacheco, theodore a. khoury abstract: we explore how the size of social movements and the ecology of their target industries influence entrepreneurial entry. by leveraging a 14-year panel in the solar energy industry, we demonstrate how a larger social movement stimulates entry. we reveal how this relationship is contingent upon the density of both the focal industry and the industries that are mutually connected to the cause of the movement, as well as the concentration of generalist firms. we demonstrate how larger social movements act in a compensatory role to elicit entry when ecological conditions are least favorable to entry. by uncovering the conditional influence of movements, we contribute to theory at the intersection of social movements and entrepreneurship. 11. title: entrepreneurial innovativeness: when too little or too much agglomeration hurts authors: emilio pindado, mercedes s�nchez, marian garc�a mart�nez abstract: this study sheds light on the relationship between agglomeration, entrepreneurs' internal resources and capabilities, and new ventures' innovativeness using a multilevel framework. we argue that the urban agglomeration of economic agents within a country has an inverted u-shaped relationship with new ventures' innovativeness, suggesting that both insufficient and excessive agglomeration might be detrimental to entrepreneurial innovativeness. additionally, we perform interactions between individual level factors and urban agglomeration to examine the differential effects of entrepreneurs' internal resources and capabilities. results confirm our hypothesising that the geographical concentration of economic agents within a country exerts an inverted u-shaped influence on new ventures' innovativeness. furthermore, we find that entrepreneurs with higher levels of education or prior entrepreneurial experience are better equipped to benefit from agglomeration and to mitigate its negative effects; in contrast, at low levels of agglomeration, entrepreneurs with lower resources exhibit increasing marginal returns. entrepreneurs in contact with other entrepreneurs are better positioned to deal with agglomeration externalities although their benefits and drawbacks are intensified. our research contributes to the understanding of agglomeration externalities and entrepreneurial innovativeness, its non-linear dynamics and differential effects. 12. title: practicing secrecy in open innovation � the case of a military firm authors: jonathan langlois, sihem benmahmoud-jouini, romaric servajean-hilst abstract: in order to keep up with the pace of innovation, military firms have recently launched a series of open innovation (oi) initiatives to search for and integrate external knowledge into their internal development process. adopting oi in such a secretive environment unlocks new possibilities to analyze how firms can pursue openness and secrecy. this article builds on a qualitative research conducted inside a large military firm that has implemented an inbound oi strategy. relying on multiple case studies and interviews with individual players involved in the firm's oi initiatives, we analyzed how these players deploy secrecy practices when participating to oi projects. they actually combine cognitive practices (aiming at modulating the contextual depth of the knowledge revealed through reframing) with relational practices (aiming at controlling the visibility and exposure of this knowledge). we highlight how these combinations evolve during the lifecycle of oi partnerships. by emphasizing different modes by which individual actors practice secrecy in oi, we contribute to previous research addressing how organizations navigate the paradox of openness. besides, this study proposes new theoretical insights on the role and features of secrecy practices in innovation activities, and thus contributes to the emerging research field of managerial secrecy. 13. title: public support of science: a contingent valuation study of citizens' attitudes about cern with and without information about implicit taxes authors: francesco giffoni, massimo florio abstract: large-scale projects in fundamental science, such as major particle colliders, radio telescopes, synchrotron light sources are promoted by scientific communities in the first place, mainly funded by governments, and ultimately by taxpayers. little is known, however, about preferences of the latter except in the form of qualitative social attitudes survey. we suggest that understanding taxpayers' preferences in the form of their willingness to pay (a money metric) for fundamental science is feasible and informative. we have designed a contingent valuation (cv) experiment about public support of science as reflected in the preferences of swiss taxpayers for particle physics research at cern, the laboratory where the higgs boson has been discovered in 2012. differently from a previous study on the attitudes of french citizens, in this paper we propose a novel methodological framework by a dual repeated bidding mechanism where sub-samples of respondents are respectively given/not given the information on the implicit tax they already pay to support cern in the first place. we find clear convergence of results between the groups and discuss why such a finding has policy and methodological implications for research on government funding of basic research. we compare findings in switzerland and france. the experiment is replicable in different countries and scientific fields and opens the way to a new empirical research avenue on the public support to science. 14. title: standing on the shoulders of giants: how star scientists influence their coauthors authors: nathan betancourt, torsten jochem, sarah m.g. otner abstract: we examine whether and when star scientist collaborations produce indirect peer effects. we theorize that a star's social status causes a collaboration to act as a prism; it reduces quality uncertainty, leading to increased recognition of coauthors' ideas. we identify two moderators of prisms, other scientists' quality uncertainty and awareness of the collaboration, and link prisms to �sleeping beauties�, articles that are initially overlooked and then rediscovered later. empirically, we examine the effect on citations of collaborating with a star who either won, or � serving as the control group � who was nominated for but did not win, the nobel prize in physics. we find that articles by the winners' coauthors (and which were published prior to the focal coauthor's first collaboration with the winner) receive a citation boost after the nobel prize is awarded, relative to articles by the coauthors of nominees, and that awareness and quality uncertainty moderate this effect. we further find that this difference in citations causes sleeping beauties written by the coauthors of nobel prize winners to be rediscovered faster. our results clarify how star scientists' indirect peer effects impact their coauthors and, through sleeping beauties, how prisms matter for science more broadly. 15. title: does fake news affect voting behaviour? authors: michele cantarella, nicol� fraccaroli, roberto volpe abstract: we study the impact of fake news on votes for populist parties in the italian elections of 2018. our empirical strategy exploits the historical variation in italian-speaking and german-speaking voters in the italian region of trentino alto-adige/s�dtirol as an exogenous source of assignment to fake news exposure. using municipal data, we compare the effect of exposure to fake news on the vote for populist parties in the 2013 and 2018 elections. to do so, we introduce a novel indicator of populism using text mining on the facebook posts of italian parties before the elections. our findings support the view that exposure to fake news favours populist parties regardless of prior support for populist parties, but also that fake news alone cannot explain most of the growth in populism. 16. title: invention and the life course: age differences in patenting authors: mary kaltenberg, adam b. jaffe, margie e. lachman abstract: previous research suggests creative ability peaks at ages between the mid 30s and early 40s, but has not focused on the role of age-related changes in cognitive abilities in this pattern. cognitive processes show aging-related increases in experience-based knowledge (pragmatics or crystallized abilities) and decreases in the ability to process novel information quickly and efficiently (mechanics or fluid abilities). we explore the role of these age-related changes in the invention process, using a new database created by combining the publicly available patent data with information on inventor ages scraped from directory websites for approximately 1.2 million u.s.-resident inventors patenting between 1976 and 2017. we have made these data publicly available on the harvard dataverse and full documentation can be found in kaltenberg et al. (2021) in the current paper, we present some descriptive statistics, and explore changing patterns of invention as inventor's age. for solo inventors, backward citations and originality increase with age, consistent with their being connected to crystallized intelligence. forward citations, number of claims, and generality measures, as well as a citation-based measure of disruptiveness decline with inventor age, consistent with a connection to fluid intelligence. a similar pattern was found for performance in teams based on the average age of inventors in the team. exploration of age diversity showed that teams with a wider age range had patents that are slightly more important (i.e., with more forward citations). merging of these new data with other data that capture diverse aspects of inventors' environment and incentives offers rich potential for new research on invention. 17. title: towards regional scientific integration in africa? evidence from co-publications authors: mafini dosso, lorenzo cassi, wilfriedo mescheba abstract: regional scientific integration is a critical pathway for the development of an integrated african research area and knowledge-based society. on the african continent, progress in scientific production and integration has remained limited, mostly led by a global or international agenda, and bound to a few top publishing nations. the high-level policy commitments and the accumulated policies and strategies developed and pursued under the various intertwined sub-regional economic groupings have, to date, only diversely contributed to policy alignment and coordination in the area of science, technology, and innovation (sti) across africa. in this context, this paper provides a first and hence original assessment of the role of region-specific factors in shaping scientific collaboration on the continent. for this purpose, our study builds upon the proximity approach to analyse the determinants of scientific collaboration between african countries, using co-publications data from thomson reuters' web of science database as a proxy of such collaboration. our results suggest that the majority of african regional economic communities (recs) have not yet had a significant effect on scientific co-publication. nevertheless, some important region-specific factors do seem to be at play, such as a shared ethnical language, membership in the african and malagasy council for higher education (cames), and the presence of a common european partner as a third partner in co-publication. existing policies aimed at the development of an africa-wide research area should aim to leverage existing and emerging regional excellence networks and novel coordination models to accelerate the process of scientific integration in africa. 18. title: we're in this together: sustainable energy and economic competitiveness in the eu authors: davide consoli, valeria costantini, elena paglialunga abstract: the paper elaborates an empirical study on the relation between trade competitiveness and energy policy based on a bilateral gravity model applied to a panel of 19 eu countries over the period 1990�2015. we focus on harmonisation of domestic policies and on the speed of convergence towards low-carbon energy targets. by explicitly connecting international trade with innovation and economic competitiveness, we fill a gap in the literature on the sustainable energy transition. our analysis yields three main findings. first, bilateral policy alignment matters for trade performance. second, the more balanced and comprehensive the domestic policy mix, the higher the export capacity. third, countries at the frontier of the eu transition process gain market shares at the expense of those lagging behind. 19. title: research and market structure: evidence from an antibiotic-resistant pathogenic outbreak authors: mayank aggarwal, anindya s. chakrabarti, chirantan chatterjee, matthew j. higgins abstract: we provide causal evidence that upstream research shocks impact unconnected downstream product markets. focusing on the indian pharmaceutical market, we use a natural experiment involving a publication that identified a pathogenic outbreak involving a carbapenem antibiotic resistant superbug. consistent with theory, we find that this upstream research shock caused multinational firms selling carbapenem antibiotics in india to reduce their downstream market exposure. rational antibiotic stewardship implies that we should observe a similar response by domestic indian firms. surprisingly, we observe the opposite, domestic indian firms filled the void in the market left by multinational firms. we confirm this aggregate finding with prescription level data; indian physicians prescribed fewer focal multinational products relative to domestic firm products. results are robust to alternate control groups and placebo testing. implications for antibiotic resistance, global health policy and innovation policy are discussed. 20. title: incentivizing angels to invest in start-ups: evidence from a natural experiment authors: eliran solodoha, stav rosenzweig, shai harel abstract: business angels who invest in start-ups are important not only because of their input of financial capital, but even more so because of their experience and skill. recognizing these benefits, policies that encourage business angels to invest in start-ups are very popular across countries. we use a natural experiment setting to examine the effect of such a policy on the number of angels investing in each start-up targeted by the incentivizing policy. using data on 6840 israeli start-ups in seven high-tech industries with 9095 angels, we find that a policy encouraging angels to invest in seed-stage start-ups effectively reduced the number of angels investing in each firm. evidence suggests that the investments by angels in these start-ups also decreased compared to what would have been expected in the absence of the incentive policy. interviews we conducted with angels shed some light on potential reasons for the decline. we discuss potential policy implications. 21. title: passing the torch of knowledge: star death, collaborative ties, and knowledge creation authors: rajat khanna abstract: stars hold a large portion of organizational knowledge, and their sudden absence may have non-trivial consequences for firms. in this study, i investigate what happens to the knowledge of star inventors following their absence. in particular, i consider the composition of stars' ties with coinventors and examine how it affects the future use of stars' knowledge (i.e., patents). using the death of star inventors as an exogenous cause for their absence in firms, i find that the use of a star's patents in a firm's subsequent inventive efforts declines following the star's death. the results also indicate that when star inventors frequently collaborate with coinventors, the negative effect of stars' absence on the future use of their knowledge is somewhat alleviated. further, the presence of central inventors in stars' collaboration networks increases the relative use of stars' knowledge in future inventions. the findings inform managers about conditions that favor �passing the torch� of knowledge from stars to their peers. 22. title: secondary market listings in equity crowdfunding: the missing link? authors: anna lukkarinen, armin schwienbacher abstract: while the prevalence of equity crowdfunding has increased, investors have had very few opportunities to exit such investments. thus, several equity crowdfunding platforms have started considering the development of secondary markets for buying and selling shares. using detailed data from the world's first secondary market for equity crowdfunding, we investigate whether plans to list on the secondary market increase investor participation and thus the amount of money entrepreneurs raise during their equity crowdfunding campaigns. we find that in the early days of the secondary market, communicating a listing plan attracted more investors and larger investment sums. however, these effects largely disappeared after the first two years of secondary market operation. we interpret this to stem from investors' recognition of the insufficient liquidity of the secondary market and thus its probable inability to constitute a viable exit route. we also find that ex post, many entrepreneurs forgo listing, especially if their campaigns are not sufficiently successful, which implies significant costs associated with a listing. our findings offer valuable insights to platforms aiming at launching secondary markets and regulators responsible for validating relevant initiatives. specifically, we highlight how participation in equity ownership can be increased through well-functioning secondary markets, which however are difficult to achieve within equity crowdfunding. 23. title: the effects of terrorist attacks on inventor productivity and mobility authors: eliezer m. fich, tung nguyen, dimitris petmezas abstract: we investigate the impact of deadly terrorist attacks on inventor productivity and mobility in the u.s. during the five-year window after such events, nearby firms generate fewer and less impactful inventions. moreover, their inventors typically exhibit a post-attack decline in their patent production, unless they move to a distant company (which some tend to do after an attack). firms' financial constraints and inventor talent appear to provide channels underlying our productivity and mobility findings, respectively. these results provide novel insights about the impact of shocks that distort the invention process and promote the mobility and reallocation of inventors among firms. 24. title: could machine learning be a general purpose technology? a comparison of emerging technologies using data from online job postings authors: avi goldfarb, bledi taska, florenta teodoridis abstract: many emerging technologies have aspects of general purpose technologies (gpts). however, true gpts are rare and hold potential for large-scale economic impact. thus, it is important for policymakers and managers to assess which emerging technologies are likely gpts. we describe an approach that uses data from online job ads to rank emerging technologies on their gpt likelihood. the approach suggests which technologies are likely to have a broader economic impact, and which are likely to remain useful but narrower enabling technologies. our approach has at least 5 years predictive power distinct from prevailing patent-based methods of identifying gpts. we apply our approach to 21 different emerging technologies, and find that a cluster of technologies comprised of machine learning and related data science technologies is relatively likely to be a gpt. 25. title: do social policies foster innovation? evidence from india's csr regulation authors: shubhashis gangopadhyay, swarnodeep homroy abstract: we examine the effect of social policies on corporate innovation using india's mandatory corporate social responsibility (csr) regulation. this regulation mandates firms with pre-tax profits above a certain threshold to spend 2 % of the profits on csr. we demonstrate a significant bunching of companies just below the profit threshold post-regulation compared to the pre-regulation period. firms close to the profit threshold manipulate their earnings to avoid compliance by increasing their r&d expenses. we show that, on average, firms that increase r&d expenses to avoid the regulation apply for one more patent and announce two new products. the increase in r&d expenses and patenting is concentrated in firms with a prior history of innovation. our results suggest that social policies can generate indirect incentives for innovation. 26. title: do innovative firms pay higher wages? micro-level evidence from brazil authors: xavier cirera, antonio soares martins-neto abstract: this paper explores the relationship between innovation and wages using brazil�s employer�employee census (rais) and a novel measure of innovation derived from the share of technical and scientific occupations of workers. the results show a robust and positive wage premium associated with innovative firms. the decomposition of this innovation-related wage premium suggests that it is larger for workers in manufacturing, although also positive and significant for those in agriculture and services; and larger for large firms. more importantly, the paper explores the causality between innovation and wages. first, we find some empirical support for �self-selection� � firms that innovate already pay higher wages before becoming innovators. second, we find strong evidence of wage increases associated with starting innovation activity, which are persistent for three years after firms start innovating. innovation pays off also for workers. 27. title: productivity gains from migration: evidence from inventors authors: gabriele pellegrino, orion penner, etienne piguet, ga�tan de rassenfosse abstract: this paper studies the relationship between migration and the productivity of high-skilled workers, as captured by inventors of international patent applications. using machine learning techniques to uniquely identify inventors across patents, we are able to track the migration patterns of nearly one million individual inventors across countries. migrant inventors account for more than nine percent of inventors in our sample. the econometric analysis seeks to explain the recurring finding in the literature that migrant inventors are more productive than non-migrant inventors. we find evidence that migrant inventors become about twenty-three percent more productive after having migrated. the disambiguated inventor data are openly available. 28. title: the quality of innovation �booms� during �busts� authors: christos a. makridis, erin mcguire abstract: models of creative destruction assume that recessions are periods of reallocation and disruption, generating new ideas that catapult new firms to the frontier. however, current empirical evidence suggests that research and development (r&d) expenditures and patenting are procyclical, not countercyclical. in this paper, we introduce new insights to enrich this debate. first, using panel data on the quality of innovation between 1980 and 2019, we document that the quality of innovation is countercyclical: innovations produced during busts have a larger effect on the path of future research than those developed during booms. second, we investigate several additional patterns on the composition of r&d. we find that the procyclicality of r&d is concentrated among firms that are more financially constrained, and that time allocated towards basic science (applied) research is countercyclical (procyclical). these results highlight the importance of composition effects among not only the organizations that contribute to innovation over the business cycle, but also the tasks that employees within these organizations perform. 29. title: invention value, inventive capability and the large firm advantage authors: ashish arora, wesley cohen, honggi lee, divya sebastian abstract: do large firms produce more valuable inventions, and if so, why? after confirming that large firms indeed produce more valuable inventions, we consider two possible sources: a superior ability to invent, or a superior ability to extract value from their inventions. we develop a simple model that discriminates between the two explanations. using a sample of 2,786 public corporations, and measures of both patent quality and patent value, we find that, while average invention value rises with size, average invention quality declines, suggesting, per our model, that the large firm advantage is not due to superior inventive capability, but due to the superior ability to extract value. we provide evidence suggesting that this superior ability to extract value is due to the greater commercialization capabilities of larger firms. 30. title: how does co-authoring with a star affect scientists' productivity? evidence from small open economies authors: anil yadav, john mchale, stephen o'neill abstract: there is increasing policy interest in the recruitment and integration of star scientists as a mechanism to catalyse research productivity. we use rich data for three small open economies (ireland, denmark, and new zealand) on publications, citations and co-authorships to examine how co-authorship with a co-located star scientist affects the co-author's productivity, both including and excluding the output directly co-authored with the star. the latter effect provides a measure of the extent to which star collaborations crowd out/in other output. event-study analyses reveal that star co-authorships are associated with economically and statistically significant increases in co-authors' output (measured by field-normalized total citations). output in the three years after the initial star co-authorship is increased by 89.6 % when star co-authored publications are included and by 16.2 % when they are excluded. the results are robust to using an alternative measure of quality-adjusted output based on journal publication quality. we find co-authoring with a star increases the quality but not quantity of output when star co-authored publications are excluded. we explore heterogeneity by period, field and whether the authors have multiple star co-authorships. we conclude that policymakers' and institutions' efforts to promote access to star scientists may have substantial direct and indirect effects on the productivity of incumbent scientists within departments. 31. title: why u.s. immigration matters for the global advancement of science authors: ruchir agarwal, ina ganguli, patrick gaul�, geoff smith abstract: while the impact of u.s. immigration on innovation in the u.s. has been well-studied, less attention has been paid to the relationship between u.s. immigration and global innovation. this paper fills this gap using novel data on a set of highly talented teenagers� participants in the international mathematical olympiad (imo)�and presents three results. first, migrants to the u.s. are up to six times more productive than migrants to other countries, even after accounting for talent during one's teenage years. second, most of the productivity difference is associated with academics being more productive in the u.s. compared to those who stay home (with differences in entry rates into academia mattering less). third, there is a large gap between aspirations to move to the u.s. and actual migration: about 2 in 3 of the world's most talented youth from developing countries would like to migrate to the u.s. for their undergraduate studies, but only 1 in 4 do, with financing constraints being a key barrier. a back of the envelope calculation suggests that removing constraints on immigration could increase the global scientific output of future cohorts by up to 50/ %. 32. title: routinization, within-occupation task changes and long-run employment dynamics authors: davide consoli, giovanni marin, francesco rentocchini, francesco vona abstract: the present study adds to the literature on routinization and employment by capturing within-occupation task changes over the period 1980�2010. the main contributions are the measurement of such changes and the combination of two data sources on occupational task content for the united states: the dictionary of occupational titles (dot) and the occupational information network (o*net). we show that within-occupation reorientation away from routine tasks: i) accounts for 1/3 of the decline in routine-task use; ii) accelerated in the 1990s, decelerated in the 2000s but with significant convergence across occupations; and iii) allowed workers to escape the employment and wage decline, conditional on the initial level of routine-task intensity. the latter finding suggests that task reorientation is a key channel through which labour markets adapt to various forms of labour-saving technological change. 33. title: are public subsidies effective for university spinoffs? evidence from sbir awards in the university of california system authors: riccardo fini, markus perkmann, martin kenney, kanetaka m. maki abstract: this study examines the impact of public subsidies, and specifically, small business innovation research (sbir) awards on university spinoff companies. using unique data for a population of university of california spinoffs, we find pronounced differences between companies commercializing digital technologies (software and hardware), and those that focus on other product spaces. for digital spinoffs, receiving an sbir award has a negative impact on raising venture capital and no impact on ipos, exits or first sales. conversely, for non-digital firms (e.g., biotechnology, energy), receiving an sbir award has a positive effect on raising venture capital and performance outcomes. we reason that digital technologies are subject to faster cycle times and higher market uncertainty, relative to technological uncertainty. digital firms may therefore benefit less from subsidies designed to support technology development, and private investors may view the need of digital compan!"$ ./0124=�����ʹʹʧ���um`rd7rhj�5�ojqj^jo(h -9h -95�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(hz)�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#ho\ho\5�cjojqj^jaj hz)�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#hz)�hz)�5�cjojqj^jaj123��5 6 p � no���q~!![!�!?$@$������������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4����  4 5 6 7 9 ? @ o p x y � � � � m���˽�����|�n^|�n^|pch�xxh�xxojqj^jhih�l$ojqj^jo(hvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(hy shy 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