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��ࡱ�>�� u �r�wmbjbj�n�n2��a��aie ��""��8�tm$�fql��p�p�p�p�p�p�p$�r�hu<�p��p��4q???�6��p?��p???��`,�듩��@?�pq0fq?�u;f�u??"0�u�amp��?��p�p��fq��u��"qs: research policy volume 52, issue 6, july 2023 1. title: membership, governance, and lobbying in standard-setting organizations authors: clemens fiedler, maria larrain, jens pr�fer abstract: standard-setting organizations (ssos) are collectively self-governed industry associations, formed by innovators and implementers. they are a key organizational form to agree on and manage technical standards, and form the foundation for many technological and economic sectors. we develop a model of endogeneous sso participation that highlights different incentives for joining (namely licensing, learning, and implementation). we analyze equilibrium selection and conduct comparative statics for a policy parameter that is related to implementer-friendly intellectual property rights policies, or alternatively, minimum viable implementation. the results can reconcile existing evidence, including that many sso member firms are small. the extent of statutory participation of implementers in sso control has an inverted u-shape effect on industry profits and welfare. 2. title: regulatory standards and consequences for industry architecture: the case of uk open banking authors: dize din�kol, pinar ozcan, markos zachariadis abstract: in this inductive qualitative study, we analyze the standardization efforts in the uk banking sector via open banking regulations. we examine the role of regulatory standards and how these standards evolve, highlight key decisions and factors in the process of standardization, and show how the standards implementation can lead to the emergence of new roles and connections in the industry architecture. we find that standardization is a continuous, multi-stakeholder process where not only formulation decisions, but also the adjustment of industry players to roadblocks in implementation cause recalibration of standards and shifts in industry architecture. we also unravel the architectural implications of data sharing and interoperability standardization both within and across industries. 3. title: in the name of trips: the impact of ipr harmonisation on patent activity in latin america authors: valeria arza, andr�s l�pez, gabriel montes-rojas, paulo pascuini abstract: we analyse the effect of country-specific regulatory changes consistent with mandates included in the trade related aspects of intellectual property rights (trips) agreement on patenting activities in latin america (la) with the aim of contributing to the ongoing debate on patent regimes, innovation and development. trips implied tight negotiations between developed and developing countries. by analysing national legislation on ipr in 36 countries, we build a variable that captures when each country exhibits �the spirit of trips�, which may occur before or after signing trips. we follow two goals: i) to assess whether the impact of changing regulation was different in la in contrast to developed countries; ii) to analyse specifically the impact on patent activities of residents and non-residents in la in contrast to developed countries. our results show that regulatory changes aligned with trips increased patent activities in la more than in developed countries, but only by non-residents. this is consistent with the political economy argument stating that the international agenda on intellectual property rights was pushed by large multinational corporations headquartered in developed countries as part of their globalisation strategies. our results are also consistent with the economics of innovation literature that suggests that stronger patent regimes only have positive effects on innovation after some national income threshold is attained. 4. title: how does late-career entrepreneurship relate to innovation? authors: martin murmann, virva salmivaara, ewald kibler abstract: in this paper, we present an explorative study that develops our understanding of the relationship between late-career entrepreneurship and innovation-driven business activity. based on observations of 2903 solo founders of new ventures in germany in 2008�2017, we offer first and robust evidence that late-career entrepreneurs (~50 years and above) are more likely than younger founders to introduce product/service innovations that are �new to the market�. our explorations specifically reveal that older founders who draw on personal financial resources and combine their innovation orientation with prior managerial experience are most likely to generate the types of innovations that bring new products or services to the market. we conclude by discussing how our study's insights contribute to the research agenda on innovations in late-career entrepreneurship. 5. title: short-term incentives of research evaluations: evidence from the uk research excellence framework authors: moqi groen-xu, gregor b�s, pedro a. teixeira, thomas voigt, bernhard knapp abstract: we document incentive effects of the evaluation deadlines in the uk�s performance-based research funding system. studying 3,597,272 publications by uk researchers, we find that publications just before assessment deadlines obtain substantially fewer citations and are published in venues with lower impact factors. these trends reverse abruptly after the deadlines. we discuss different factors that contribute to this observation and provide evidence that evaluation deadlines are likely to set incentives against investment in research quality and long-term topics. we conclude that where such shifts in research incentives are not intended, they might require balancing by additional incentives for exploratory, long-term oriented research. 6. title: entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional persistence of high growth firms: a �broken clock� critique authors: alex coad, stjepan srhoj abstract: the entrepreneurial ecosystems (ee) approach makes specific predictions regarding how ee inputs are converted into high-growth firms (hgfs) as an output. a simulation model draws out our hypothesis of regional persistence in hgf shares. based on intuitions that ees are persistent, we investigate whether regional hgf shares are persistent, using census data for 2 european countries taken separately (croatia for 2004�2019, and slovenia for 2007�2019). overall, there is no clear persistence in regional hgf shares � regions with large hgf shares in one period are not necessarily likely to have large hgf shares in the following period. this is a puzzle for ee theory. in fact, there seems to be more persistence in industry-level hgf shares than for regional hgf shares. we formulate a �broken clock� critique � just as a broken clock is correct twice a day, ee recommendations may sometimes be correct, but are fundamentally flawed as long as time-changing outputs (hgf shares) are predicted using time-invariant variables (such as local universities, institutions, investments in r&d and infrastructure). 7. title: topic choice, gendered language, and the under-funding of female scholars in mission-oriented research authors: raffaele mancuso, cristina rossi-lamastra, chiara franzoni abstract: we investigate the participation of male and female applicants to a competition for research funding, using an original dataset with detailed information on both successful and unsuccessful applicants to 21 calls by a mission-oriented funding agency. we use this information to construct a fictitious pool of 277,464 potential applicants and to model their probability to submit an application. we find that, even after controlling for productivity, quality of research, seniority, years of career discontinuity, number of prior applications, affiliation, and ethnicity, women were still less likely to apply than men. the lower likelihood of females to apply was not explained by the use of masculine language in the text of the calls. instead, women's research interests were more distant from the topics of the calls than men's. topic proximity fully mediated female penalization in the likelihood to apply for research funding. these results are an important heads-up, in view of the increasing focus of governments in mission-oriented programs. 8. title: the s-shaped relationship between open innovation and financial performance: a longitudinal perspective using a novel text-based measure authors: thomas sch�per, christopher jung, johann nils foege, marcel l.a.m. bogers, ... stephan n�esch abstract: research on the financial performance outcomes of open innovation has been equivocal and often relies on cross-sectional data and problematic assumptions about the role of the external context. a longitudinal perspective is crucial for gaining a better understanding of the potential of decreasing innovation utility as well as the conditions under which the costs of open innovation may counteract its benefits. additionally, much of the research largely ignores the potential role and benefits of closed innovation. in this study, we address these issues by developing a theory related to how the benefits and costs of open innovation lead to an s-shaped relationship between the degree of openness � ranging from closed to low, medium, and high levels of open innovation � and a firm's financial performance. furthermore, we investigate two possible contingencies in which this relationship is more pronounced: in industries with high appropriability, optimizing firms' ability to extract value from innovation and in dynamic industries, where coordinating high open innovation activities amid rapid changes is exceedingly costly. to test our hypotheses, we create a longitudinal measure for firms' degree of open innovation by using machine-learning content analyses to build an open innovation dictionary and then applying this dictionary to analyze the 10-k annual reports of >9000 publicly listed firms in the u.s. between 1994 and 2017. the results support our theorizing that the relationship between the degree of open innovation and firm financial performance is s-shaped and that industries' appropriability regimes and environmental dynamism are critical boundary conditions for this relationship. 9. title: editor home bias? authors: amir rubin, eran rubin, dan segal abstract: we analyze whether journal editors exhibit home bias in their acceptance decisions towards researchers affiliated with institutions in the editor's home country. our results show that the fraction of articles accepted by authors affiliated with european civil-law countries increase by 33 % when an editor from the same country serves in the journal. we analyze various possible reasons for this phenomenon and conclude that a likely explanation for the bias is that, in civil-law countries, there is greater emphasis on individuals' solidarity with institutions. we also document that this bias extends to the european union as a whole. importantly, articles that are potentially subject to editorial home bias have 10 % lower impact than similar articles. overall, the findings are consistent with the idea that cultural values potentially foster editorial-biased behavior and hinder scientific progress. 10. title: design thinking and public sector innovation: the divergent effects of risk-taking, cognitive empathy and emotional empathy on individual performance authors: jarrod p. vassallo, sourindra banerjee, hasanuzzaman zaman, jaideep c. prabhu abstract: traits that predict whether an employee will generate promising new ideas do not necessarily predict that they will also implement those ideas. this is especially relevant within the public sector, which is typically more risk averse than the private sector, and where barriers to innovation include staff resistance, rigid organizational structures, and a lack of shared innovation goals. to shed light on why some public sector employees are better intrapreneurs than others, we examine the role of risk-taking, emotional empathy, and cognitive empathy on the likelihood of innovation implementation. using a sample of public sector employees who attended a prominent design thinking bootcamp run by the bangladeshi prime ministers office, results indicate that individuals are more likely to implement their innovative ideas if they have higher cognitive empathy and risk-taking propensity, but lower emotional empathy. we find evidence for the �empathy divergence thesis� within a public sector setting, extending growing evidence from neuroscience and psychology that cognitive and emotional empathy are distinct processes with divergent effects on behavior. in sum, we provide a nuanced understanding of the overall effect of three important individual level traits on the likelihood of innovation implementation among public sector employees. 11. title: technology sovereignty as an emerging frame for innovation policy. defining rationales, ends and means authors: jakob edler, knut blind, henning kroll, torben schubert abstract: in recent years, global technology-based competition has not only intensified, but become increasingly linked to a more comprehensive type of competition between different political and value systems. the globalist assumptions of the post-cold war era that reliable mutually beneficial agreements could be reached with all nations, regardless of ideology, have been shattered. a previously less visible, mostly political, risk dimension has been brought to the fore by recent geopolitical and geo-economic developments. against this background, the notion of technology sovereignty has gained prominence in national and international debates, cutting across and adding to established rationales of innovation policy. in this paper, we propose and justify a concise yet nuanced concept of technology sovereignty to contribute to and clarify this debate. in particular, we argue that technology sovereignty should be conceived as state-level agency within the international system, i.e. as sovereignty of governmental action, rather than (territorial) sovereignty over something. against this background, we define technology sovereignty not as an end in itself, but as a means to achieving the central objectives of innovation policy - sustaining national competitiveness and building capacities for transformative policies. by doing so, we position ourselves between a naive globalist position which largely neglects the risks of collaboration and the promotion of near autarky which disregards the inevitable costs of creating national redundancies and reducing cooperative interdependencies. we finish by providing a set of policy suggestions to support technology sovereignty in line with our conceptual approach. 12. title: does fdi bring knowledge externalities for host country firms to develop complex technologies? the catalytic role of overseas returnee clustering structures authors: lutao ning, rui guo, kaihua chen abstract: prior research has extensively studied fdi spillovers on broadly defined technological innovation but offered inconclusive evidence. relatively little is known about how the knowledge characteristics of local technological development are shaped by fdi and the innovation context where this development takes place. we therefore study the influence of fdi presence on host country firms' technological progress with a focus on two factors: the underlying technological characteristic, complexity, which reflects the difficulties in recombining diverse knowledge combination for innovation, and an under-studied contextual contingency: the local clustering of returnees (skilled returned migrants) that creates different interactive environments for incorporating foreign knowledge. using a unique sample of 35,376 firms over an 11-year period in china's equivalent of silicon valley, zhongguancun, we reveal that fdi exerts a curvilinear spillover effect on local firms' technological complexity. furthermore, we find returnees' clustering in related sectors heightens the effect of fdi spillovers on local technological complexity, whereas unrelated sectoral clustering flattens this u-shaped relationship, reducing fdi spillovers. we add to the debate on fdi knowledge externalities by highlighting the importance of considering knowledge characteristics and the contextual setting of returnee clustering in understanding fdi spillover effects on local technological progress. theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 13. title: disentangling international research collaboration in the spanish academic context: is there a desirable researcher human capital profile? authors: jes�s de frutos-beliz�n, natalia garc�a-carbonell, marta ru�z-mart�nez, gonzalo s�nchez-gardey abstract: a number of studies has focused on examining those academic researchers attributes-demographics or not- that condition international research collaboration (irc) and its results. however, it is not possible to speak about an �ideal� type of researcher so far. should we assume that just only those �star researchers� collaborate internationally?. the literature is not clear enough on this topic, offering interesting but insufficient support to know the set of individual characteristics that ensures fruitful irc. to deepen the analysis of academic researchers attributes, in particular, the human capital characteristics, this study proposes in-depth research on exploring different combinations on human capital dimensions and testing potential differences in irc levels. to do so, from an exploratory perspective, a cluster analysis was conducted in a sample of 937 spanish academics, obtaining three researcher profiles: (1) consolidated international research collaborators, (2) effective international research collaborators, and (3) skilled international research collaborators. far from the recurrent analysis of single or disconnected researchers' attributes, this paper contributes to the extant literature with a new typology based on the variables of academic human capital, providing an useful starting point to better understand who really can develop international networks to collaborate and, therefore, how to foster irc in universities. 14. title: fostering generativity in platform ecosystems: how open innovation and complexity interact to influence platform adoption authors: iman miremadi, mostafa khoshbash, mohammadmahdi saeedian abstract: platform sponsors strive to govern their platform ecosystem to be generative in supplying complementary products abreast of adoption targets. a more comprehensive pool of adopters requires high value creation capacity. leveraging the opening of borders to complementors for competing in adoption could be a winning strategy when fostering generativity. seldom has this view been studied empirically; therefore, the present study examines the effects of supply-side openness on platform adoption and investigates generativity's role between them as a mediator. moreover, the study explores the heterogeneity between early and late adopters in generativity's influence. we also analyze generativity in mediating the effect of openness by the moderating influence of technological complexity. consequently, a moderated mediation analysis is employed on panel data of 8960 video games in six platforms and three regions. results show that platforms' openness propels their adoption, and generativity mediates this effect. specifically, this study clarifies the idea that supply-side openness, the proliferation of more open innovation strategies, enhances platforms' value generation capacity, and both enhance platform adoption. findings also indicate that platforms' technological complexity positively moderates the mediation role of generativity, revealing that in more complex platforms, openness increases generativity more intensely. 15. title: performance-based research funding: evidence from the largest natural experiment worldwide authors: albert banal-esta�ol, mireia jofre-bonet, giulia iori, laia maynou, ... pietro vassallo abstract: a performance-based research funding system (prfs) is a nationwide incentive scheme that promotes and rewards university research performance through competition for government funding. the uk�s prfs, currently the research excellence framework (ref), is considered the oldest, largest and most developed payment-by-results system in academia worldwide. surprisingly, and despite the strong criticisms, little has been done to quantitatively and casually evaluate the intended and unintended effects of the prfss. in this paper, we evaluate the incremental impact of the ref 2014 in the fields of economics and business. we use a synthetic control method to compare the performance of uk universities with their artificial counterfactual units constructed using data from us universities. our analysis shows, on the whole, that the introduction of the ref had a significant and positive impact on the quantity and quality of the scientific research produced at uk universities. however, we do not find a significant effect on the per author measures, suggesting that the ref did not result in an increase in research productivity. we also show that the effects are more heterogeneous across universities than across academic disciplines. we do not find evidence of a shift of research focus from economics to business topics, as some feared. but our analysis indicates that the ref 2014 may have contributed to the concentration of research excellence in elite institutions. 16. title: unpacking the intellectual structure of ecosystem research in innovation studies authors: xianwei shi, xingkun liang, yining luo abstract: in light of the scattered nature of extant ecosystem literature, we seek to (1) identify the intellectual structure and theoretical roots of ecosystem literature within the broader field of innovation, and (2) take stock of how ecosystem research enriches and extends the innovation literature. based on a bibliometric analysis of innovation and management journals over the past 30 years, we identify three lineages of ecosystem research within the �umbrella� of innovation studies. the first lineage finds its theoretical roots in the literature of product and architecture innovation. the second follows the lineage of open innovation and innovation strategy. the third adopts the traditions of regional innovation and entrepreneurship. further, we offer an extended-boundary model that features two sets of synopses, explicating ecosystems' contributions to the field of innovation. the first set demonstrates how the ecosystem concept extends the three lineages with its unique attributes from a meta-organisational perspective, i.e., consumption-side synergies, boundary spanning and self-organisation. the second indicates how the concept may be repositioned on the foundational economic theories, i.e., schumpeterian innovation and transaction cost economics, and advance how it may integrate the two schools and extend their research implications vis-�-vis profiting from, organising for, and outcomes of innovation. we contribute by organising the fragmented ecosystem literature into an integrative framework, forging stronger links with traditional innovation theories, and offering a cumulative theoretical basis for this promising concept to further flourish in the field of innovation studies. 17. title: litigate or let it go? multi-market contact and ip infringement-litigation dynamics authors: luis diestre, fabrice lumineau, rodolphe durand abstract: we explore how multimarket contact (mmc) explains competitors' intellectual property (ip) infringement-litigation dynamics. we build on role congruity theory to propose that the role played by each firm in shared markets generates expectations about their behavior, determining which of the following dynamics arise: mutual forbearance (low probability of ip infringement and high probability of litigation) or mimetic behavior (high probability of ip infringement and low probability of litigation). we look into two possible roles, imitators and innovators, and claim that (1) mutual forbearance dynamics are more likely to arise when firms play the role of innovators, whereas (2) mimetic behavior dynamics are more likely to arise when firms play the role of imitators. we find support for our predictions in a sample of 813 patent infringement cases in the biopharmaceutical industry. increasing mmc from one standard deviation below the mean to one standard deviation above the mean leads to a 21.6 (20.6) percent decrease in the probability of infringement and a 22.7 (65.1) percent increase in the probability of litigation after infringement when the rival (focal firm) plays the role of an innovator in shared markets. alternatively, this increase in mmc leads to a 14.3 % increase (no increase) in the probability of infringement and a 5.2 (16.4) percent decrease in the probability of litigation when the rival (focal firm) plays the role of an imitator in shared markets. 18. title: technological competition and patent strategy: protecting innovation, preempting rivals and defending the freedom to operate authors: riccardo cappelli, marco corsino, keld laursen, salvatore torrisi abstract: drawing on the resource-based view of the firm, we examine the effect of technological competition over a patent on the firm's choice of patenting strategy. we claim that technological competition makes the traditional strategy of protecting focal innovations from imitation less likely and increases the likelihood of a play strategy � i.e. using patents to avoid the risk of hold-up by other patent owners, or as a bargaining chip in litigation and cross-licensing. however, we claim also that technological competition over a target close to the firm's core technology should lead to use of a fence strategy i.e. to blocking the commercial endeavors of rivals and preempting substitute inventions. we find support for our hypotheses using data from a large-scale survey of european patent applications. !"$( -./1:��ʸʦʸ��tl_qc6qhj�5�ojqj^jo(h�x�h�x�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h�]5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h�x�h�x�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�&h�&5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�x�h�x�5�cjojqj^jaj./0��()��r�`a��mn��gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4��'()*,23��˽��|�n^|�n^|pch�e�h�e�ojqj^jhih�l$ojqj^jo(hvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�e�h�e�5�ojqj^jh�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(hj�5�ojqjo(hiht4ojqj^jo(h�x�h�x�ojqj^jhihj�ojqj^jo(h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jht45�ojqj^jo(h�x�h�x�5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^j��qrz[��_`abdjk��ķ٨��٨��}p�cug:h$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jh�"�h%j,5�ojqj^jhs/�5�ojqj^jo(hihanojqj^jh�qeh�qeojqj^jh�)hto�ojqj^jo(hvi�hto�5�ojqj^jo(h�qeh�qe5�ojqj^jhto�hto�5�ojqj^jhto�hto�h�"�h�`�5�ojqj^jhto�5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(hihu<�ojqj^jo(k��lmnoqwx�� 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