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��ࡱ�>�� u �r�c�bjbj�n�n2��a��a�w ��""��8�le$��nl��nnnnnnn$:p��r<7nq��7n��4�n��.��n��n��`��傷��m�n0�n�,sf,s��/,s�uk��7n7nm@��n��,s��"qs: research policy volume 51, issue 7, september 2022 1. title: the interplay between product innovation, publishing, patenting and developing standards authors: knut blind, bastian krieger, maikel pellens abstract: firms use a variety of practices to disclose the knowledge generated by their r&d activities, including, but not limited to, publishing findings in scientific journals, patenting new technologies, and contributing to developing standards. while the individual effects of engaging in the listed practices on firm innovation are well-understood, the existing literature has not considered their interrelation. therefore, our study examines if the three practices are complements, substitutes, or unrelated in terms of firms� performance with product innovations new to the market. our analysis builds on a sample of innovation-active firms from the german community innovation survey, which includes information on the development of standards, enhanced with information on firms' engagement in patenting and publishing. we find that 26% of innovation-active firms engage in at least one of the three practices, and 22% of engaging firms combine them. using supermodularity tests, we show that publishing and patenting as well as patenting and developing standards are substitutes. publishing and developing standards are not significantly linked. based on our findings, we derive implications for innovation management and policy. 2. title: for whom the bell tolls: the firm-level effects of automation on wage and gender inequality authors: giacomo domini, marco grazzi, daniele moschella, tania treibich abstract: this paper investigates the impact of investment in automation- and ai-related goods on within-firm wage inequality in the french economy during the 2002�2017 period. we document that most wage inequality in france is accounted for by differences among workers belonging to the same firm rather than by differences between sectors, firms, and occupations. using an event-study approach on a sample of firms importing automation- and ai-related goods, we find that spike events related to the adoption of automation- and ai-related capital goods are not followed by an increase in within-firm wage inequality or in gender wage inequality. instead, wages increase by 1% three years after the events at different percentiles of the distribution. our findings are not linked to the rent-sharing behavior of firms obtaining productivity gains from automation and ai adoption. instead, if wage gains do not differ across workers along the wage distribution, worker heterogeneity will still be present. indeed, in agreement with the framework in abowd et al. (1999b), most of the overall wage increase is due to the hiring of new employees. this adds to previous findings presenting a picture of a �labor friendly� effect of the latest wave of new technologies within adopting firms. 3. title: the intellectual evolution of the technological catch-up literature: bibliometric analysis authors: ebrahim souzanchi kashani, slavo radosevic, mehdi kiamehr, hossein gholizadeh abstract: we analyse the growing literature on technological catch-up since the 1980s to identify its intellectual bases and evolution. the analysis uses co-occurrence and co-citation techniques to explore trends in keywords, journals, documents, and authors. in the 1980s, the area was characterised by two unrelated streams of work on macroeconomic growth and the building of technological capabilities at the micro-level in developing economies. during the 1990s, when the technological catch-up literature began to take off, these two streams of literature evolved further and came closer to each other. during the 2000s, firm-level studies rooted in resource-based and knowledge-based views proliferated. from 2010 they were followed by an increased number of studies of latecomer firm internationalisation. the field's qualitative evolution has been characterised by the convergence between the economic growth and technology capabilities literature, a change of focus from the macro issues of growth and convergence to firm (latecomer firm) and sectoral level issues, and a dominant concern about the relationship between globalisation and technology upgrading at the sectoral or mezzo level. there are four streams that currently underpin research on technology catch up: economic growth, systems of innovation, knowledge management, and industrial dynamics cum global value chains and latecomer firm. 4. title: for what they are, not for what they bring: the signaling value of gender for financial resource acquisition in academic spin-offs authors: giancarlo lauto, elisa salvador, francesca visintin abstract: due to the novelty of their technology base and the multiple goals pursued by their entrepreneurial teams, academic spin-offs (asos) suffer information asymmetries with investors that impair their ability to raise finance. in line with the signaling theory, we expect that observable features of an aso can mitigate such information asymmetries, especially in conditions of higher uncertainty about the venture. we put forward that a larger share of capital owned by female shareholders adds to such uncertainty due to their outsider condition in academic entrepreneurship and the negative bias of investors against female entrepreneurs. through a multi-level tobit regression on a sample of italian asos, we find that the amount of private investment is negatively associated with the degree of female ownership and positively associated with the investment of the parent university and full professors. the latter two factors moderate the relationship between degree of female ownership and private investment so that it becomes less negative. the results provide evidence of the persisting gender gap in entrepreneurial finance and highlight the role of parent universities in closing such a gap. 5. title: does local technological specialisation, diversity and dynamic competition enhance firm creation? authors: jungho kim, trevor kollmann, alfons palangkaraya, elizabeth webster abstract: does the presence of specialist technological expertise, diversity across industries and the intensity of competition among existing firms in a location affect the rate at which new firms are attracted to an agglomeration? we construct three measures of these explanators including a novel measure of competitive dynamics and estimate a region-industry panel fixed-effects model using data on a national census of firms over a 15-year period. this extensive panel dataset of firms and regions, enables us to move beyond the comparative static analysis which has dominated the agglomeration literature for so long. we find local competitive intensity has a large positive effect on firm creation. competition attracts, not repels. technological specialisation is a moderate attractee, but diversity may merely lead to local congestion. 6. title: the heterogeneous effects of environmental taxation on green technologies authors: k.b. tchorzewska, j. garcia-quevedo, e. martinez-ros abstract: this paper analyses the effectiveness of environmental taxation in stimulating the adoption of end-of-pipe and cleaner production technologies across manufacturing and mining firms between 2008 and 2014. we perform simple and categorical treatment matching of firms to study the heterogeneous effects of different taxation levels. we assess the effects between firms forced to pay environmental taxation (treated) and those that did not have to pay such taxes (controls), as well as between different levels of environmental taxation (small, medium, large). we find that low levels of environmental taxation are ineffective at stimulating green technology adoption. as the taxation level increases, so does the associated effect on green technology investment. additionally, we find that even low levels of environmental taxation can be effective when combined with public financing. in this case, the effect is stronger than that of providing public financing alone. 7. title: losing talent by partnering up? the impact of r&d collaboration on employee mobility authors: markus simeth, ali mohammadi abstract: firms frequently enter collaborations with other organizations for the purpose of innovating. in this paper, we argue that engaging in r&d collaboration can have the unintended consequence of increasing the mobility of highly skilled personnel. we investigate our research question using a representative dataset that combines information from the swedish community innovation survey (cis) with employer�employee registry data. our econometric analysis shows that r&d collaborations by firms are associated with higher levels of outgoing mobility among skilled employees, particularly among those with technical (�stem�) education and master's or doctoral degrees. we also find support for the interpretation that r&d collaboration augments employees� general human capital, subsequently increasing their outside employment options. we discuss important implications for firm collaboration strategies. 8. title: evaluating the tail of the distribution: the economic contributions of frequently awarded government r&d recipients authors: maryann feldman, evan e. johnson, remi bellefleur, savannah dowden, eshika talukder abstract: government r&d programs are intended to assist in the commercialization of technology and provide for the greater public good. among the primary instruments for this type of government action are competitive grants for small, high-tech businesses. however, there is a perception among scholars and administrators that a small number of firms receive a large number of awards without furthering government objectives. the term mill is a less than complimentary term used to reference a firm that receives multiple government r&d awards. the criticism is based on a belief that this group of firms do not advance innovative technologies and do not serve the needs of the awarding agency. as a result, there are attempts to limit the number of awards that firms receive, with limited consideration of the firms themselves and the role they play in the larger innovation system. we specifically examine the u.s. small business innovation research (sbir) program, focusing on a group of firms at the extreme tail of the distribution of awards. we consider the business model employed by these firms, their patenting and licensing behavior, and the products they introduce to the market. we also consider their impacts as incubators of spinoff firms, research environments that augment human capital, and suppliers to government through procurement. 9. title: artificial intelligence and industrial innovation: evidence from german firm-level data authors: christian rammer, gast�n p. fern�ndez, dirk czarnitzki abstract: this paper analyses the link between the use of artificial intelligence (ai) and innovation performance in firms. based on firm-level data from the german part of the community innovation survey (cis) 2018, we examine the role of different ai methods and application areas in innovation. the results show that 5.8% of firms in germany were actively using ai in their business operations or products and services in 2019. we find that the use of ai is associated with annual sales with world-first product innovations in these firms of about � 16 billion (i.e. 18% of total annual sales of world-first innovations). in addition, ai technologies have been used in process innovation that contributed to about 6% of total annual cost savings of the german business sector. firms that apply ai broadly (using different methods for different applications areas) and that have already several years of experience in using ai obtain significantly higher innovation results. these positive findings on the role of ai for innovation have to be interpreted with caution as they refer to a specific country (germany) in a situation where ai started to diffuse rapidly. 10. title: how do global manufacturing shifts affect long-term clean energy innovation? a study of wind energy suppliers authors: claudia doblinger, kavita surana, deyu li, nathan hultman, laura d�az anad�n abstract: clean energy technologies are important for meeting long-term climate and competitiveness goals. but clean energy industries are part of global value chains (gvcs), where past manufacturing shifts from developed to emerging economies have raised questions on a decline in long-term innovation. our research centers on how geographic shifts in the gvc shape long-term innovation, i.e., innovation in a time frame within which �mission-oriented�, societal, or firm strategic objectives need to be met rather than tactical, near-term market competitiveness alone. focusing on wind energy, we introduce a temporal measure to distinguish between long-term and short-term innovation, applying natural language processing methods on patent text data. we consider supply-side value chain factors (i.e., manufacturing supplier relationships with original equipment manufacturers (oems)) and demand-side factors (i.e., policy-induced clean energy market growth), shaping the patenting activities of 358 global specialized wind suppliers (2006�2016). our findings suggest that the wind industry did not suppress long-term innovation during manufacturing shifts, in this case to china. after 2012 when china developed a large wind market, long-term innovation increased by 80.7% in european suppliers working with non-european oems (including chinese) and by 67.2% in chinese suppliers working with non-chinese oems. our results highlight the importance of coupling international manufacturing relationships with sizeable local demand for inducing long-term innovation. our results advance research in innovation, gvcs, and green industrial policy with implications for several industries that can contribute to climate mitigation. 11. title: complementarity formation mechanisms in technology value chains authors: tuukka m�kitie, jens hanson, markus steen, teis hansen, allan dahl andersen abstract: recent literature has begun to discuss complementarities between sectors and technologies in the context of sustainability transitions. this paper contributes to this literature by theorizing complementarity formation mechanisms underlying such positive interactions within and across technology value chains. it pursues empirically founded theory building based on a case study of innovation in battery-electric, hydrogen and liquefied biogas technologies in norwegian coastal shipping. three complementarity formation mechanisms in technology value chains are identified: synchronization, amplification, and integration. synchronization points to the need for co-development between the input and user sectors of a technology value chain. amplification refers to the necessary expansion of input sectors to match the growing demand in user sectors. finally, integration highlights the potential of convergence between different technology value chains in one or more user sectors. the paper concludes with a discussion of how policy may leverage such complementarity formation mechanisms to foster innovation in zero carbon technologies. 12. title: sitting on the fence: integrating the two worlds of scientific discovery and invention within the firm authors: lia sheer abstract: applying a within-firm perspective to the topic of the division of innovative labor, i explore the organization of scientific discovery at the firm level � specialized or integrated with invention. using data on inventors and authors related to u.s. publicly-traded science-performing firms for the period 1980�2015, the paper deepens our understanding of the determinants and the tradeoffs associated with the strategic choice of scientific discovery organization. i show that integration is related to a tradeoff between short-term applied r&d and long-term fundamental r&d; while integration is beneficial for invention, it has adverse effects on its scientific output, which decrease invention in the long run. the negative relationship between integration and publication reduces the direct increase in patents due to integration by approximately 90%. to better understand firms� r&d organizational choice, i present internal and external factors that have implications on the benefits and costs associated with integration: reliance on science, stage of technology, external market for technology, and r&d spillins. finally, i present consistent implications in terms of market value and show that value creation is related to organizational structure. 13. title: the interdisciplinarity dilemma: public versus private interests authors: magda fontana, martina iori, valerio leone sciabolazza, daniel souza abstract: researchers often receive contrasting incentives when conducting their work. on the one hand, an interdisciplinary approach is required to produce scientific advances and access to funding. on the other, academic scholarships and evaluation mechanisms are still organized following the criteria of traditional disciplinary fields. if pursuing interdisciplinary research results in contrasting outcomes, science may face an interdisciplinarity dilemma: should researchers pursue their own private interest to build a reputation? or should they endeavor towards public interest? how costly in terms of reputation is to choose interdisciplinarity research (idr) over (more) specialized research? we answer these questions by exploiting data on 23,926 articles published by 6,105 researchers affiliated with the university of florida in the period 2008�2013. through individual fixed-effect, we compare articles of the same scholar to roll out the influence of individual characteristics on the scientific impact of their research. we find that the diverse dimensions of idr (variety, balance, and disparity) have a different effect on the reputation of a scholar and on her contribution to societal research. we confirm the existence of trade-off between private and public interest. we also point out that the increase of idr aiming at connecting distant disciplines reduces the usefulness of the resulting knowledge. results are robust to various specifications and apply to all scholars, regardless of their gender, collaboration behavior, discipline, and performance. these findings pose challenging questions to policymakers. 14. title: governance rigidity, industry evolution, and value capture in platform ecosystems authors: bilgehan uzunca, dmitry sharapov, richard tee abstract: existing work has shown how, in platform ecosystems, firms can capture above-average rents by controlling hard-to-replace segments. however, initial conditions can have a lasting effect on a platform owner's ability to capture value as the ecosystem in which it operates evolves. we develop a theoretical framework that first considers the role of bargaining power and industry life cycle stage, showing how these shape initial governance arrangements and the platform owner's subsequent ability to capture value based on the rigidity of these arrangements. we then develop propositions, focusing on contingencies that moderate this degree of governance rigidity in platform ecosystems. our framework helps understand the combined effects of initial conditions and governance rigidity as key drivers of a platform owner's ability to capture rents. once we consider these dynamics, controlling a hard-to-replace segment may neither be sufficient nor necessary to obtain a large share of the value created by an ecosystem. 15. title: pork barrel or barrel of gold? examining the performance implications of earmarking in public r&d grants authors: holmer kok, dries faems, pedro de faria abstract: scholars tend to assume that publicly funded r&d projects, which are competitively selected, outperform projects, which receive funding through a political selection process. in this paper, we empirically explore this assumption, examining the outcomes of 321 r&d projects that were funded by the u.s. department of energy's hydrogen program. between 2003 and 2011, projects in this program could not only receive funding by means of a competitive selection process, but also by being earmarked by a u.s. member of congress. we find that, whereas earmarked projects receive considerably lower peer review evaluation scores than non-earmarked projects, they do not consistently underperform in terms of the productivity, spillovers, and novelty of research- and science-based outcomes. post-hoc analyses provide indications that this misalignment is driven by the existence of a bias of peer reviewers toward earmarked projects. jointly, our findings challenge the dominant assumption that competitively selected projects always outperform politically selected ones in the setting of public r&d grants. in this way, we provide academics and policy makers with a richer perspective on the advantages and liabilities of earmarks. 16. title: citations backward and forward: insights into the patent examiner's role authors: zhen sun, brian d. wright abstract: examiners� instructions and academic studies on patent validity determination focus on identification of �blocking� citations that invalidate claims in applications as non-novel or obvious, generally ignoring the non-blocking majority as irrelevant to validity. recently available datasets allow us to identify, for the first time, �forward� citations received by applications before grant, as well as �backward� citations in those applications, and distinguish those identified by the examiner as blocking (submitted mainly by examiners), as well as non-blocking examiner and applicant citations. categorical analysis confirms that blocking citations in an application stron!"$-02346?��ʻʻʩ��~qcuhc=uhicy5�ojqj^jhj�5�ojqj^jo(h�a�h�a�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h�a�h�a�5�cjojqj^jajh�a�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�a�h�a�5�cjojqj^jaj345�� u\]��)f�� !��gd�psgd)w�gd��gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4�� 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