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���������������������8/��$��pl������o�o�o�o�o�o�o$�q��t8�oi��o����4:p���������o��o���������}������j��opp0�p��to^�t��1�t��k���o�o�$�p���������������������������������������������������������������������t��: public administration
volume 100, issue 2, june 2022
1. title: corporatization of public services
authors: rhys andrews, judith clifton, laurence ferry
abstract: the corporatization of public services by moving services previously provided in-house into various types of arms-length corporate forms of organization is becoming an important trend at multiple levels of government. although the use of such corporate forms to deliver public services is not a new phenomenon, evidence on the impact of corporatization on public services provision is only slowly emerging. in this symposium, we aim to advance our understanding of the theoretical and practical implications of corporatization through empirical analyses of its dynamics in a range of different settings. in this introductory article, we begin by explaining what is meant by the corporatization of public services and the different forms that it can take, before summarizing the existing evidence on the governance, accountability, and performance of corporatized public services. we then describe the articles included in the symposium and conclude by outlining a future research agenda for studying corporatization.
2. title: from �business-like� to businesses: agencification, corporatization, and civil service reform under the thatcher administration
authors: christine cooper, jonathan tweedie, jane andrew, max baker
abstract: this paper sets out an archival account of events leading up to the mass agencification of the british civil service by the thatcher administration (1979�1990). this account holds lessons for contemporary understandings of the ideological roots and institutional structures of corporatization. when thatcher came to power in 1979, she wanted to make government �efficient� through the adoption of �business-like� practices. we show that this project was grounded in her methodist upbringing and the emerging neoliberal economic theories of friedrich hayek and milton friedman. thatcher's efforts to instill a �market mentality� were met with stubborn resistance from a bloc of ministers and senior civil servants. we find that thatcher used agencification to break this resistance. agencification removed ministerial control over service delivery and saw �business-like� managers placed in charge of the newly created agencies. this curtailed the workings of democracy. like thatcher's agencification, corporatization today imperils democracy in pursuit of �efficiency.�
3. title: why create government corporations? an examination of the determinants of corporatization in the canadian public sector
authors: luc bernier, luc juillet, carl deschamps
abstract: public corporations have grown in popularity over the last 30 years, but the conditions that lead governments to create them are still debated. in this study, we draw on an original dataset of public organizations at the federal and provincial levels in canada to test the prevalence of corporatization and the conditions associated with the creation of public corporations. our results show that corporatization has been an important phenomenon in canada over the last 30 years, but that the creation of public corporations is not associated with pressures on public finances or favored by right-wing governments. our main finding is that the creation of public corporations is mainly associated with administrative capacity. our results suggest that corporatization may be more a pragmatic exercise in state-building than an ideological or new public management (npm)-driven project, but that its cost or complexity may make it more accessible to larger administrations.
4. title: the costs of corporatization: analysing the effects of forms of governance
authors: germ� bel, marc esteve, juan carlos garrido, jos� luis zafra-g�mez
abstract: public corporations have been constantly in the spotlight, with some commentators arguing that they can help governments provide better public services, and others insisting that their governance is simply too complex. despite this ongoing debate, few studies have researched public corporation performance. the present study offers empirical evidence of the effects of various forms of corporatization on public service costs. in particular, it examines public service costs incurred under four different forms of governance: public agencies, public corporations, mixed public corporations with minority public ownership, and mixed public corporations with majority public ownership. the analysis considers eight types of public services in 874 spanish municipalities between 2014 and 2017. the empirical results show that services provided by public corporations are no less costly than those provided by public agencies. in fact, the services offered by mixed corporations with government majorities tend to cost more than those provided by public agencies.
5. title: personnel governance of corporatized public services: effects of executive resources and corporation forms on turnover
authors: ulf papenfu�, christian a. schmidt
abstract: corporatization has potentials for public service provision but also induces far-reaching governance challenges. appointing executives for public corporations is a powerful personnel governance mechanism for public authorities to manage public service provision and resource dependencies. however, the theoretical understanding of executive turnover is limited. drawing on resource dependence theory and embedding publicness fit perspectives, cox regressions for 491 executives of 275 german municipal corporations between 2006 and 2016 show that politicized executives, executives with higher pay, and internally hired executives have a longer tenure and a lower turnover likelihood. furthermore, the findings reveal different governance rationalities between different corporation forms by showing a higher likelihood of executive turnover in not profit-making corporations than in profit-making corporations. this highlights the theoretical needs and potentials to conceptually differentiate between these two corporation forms in future research. overall, this study enhances the theoretical understanding of executive turnover and provides important research perspectives.
6. title: corporatization in local government: promoting cultural differentiation and hybridity?
authors: dag magne berge, harald torsteinsen
abstract: corporatization implies disintegration of public authority, leading to not only structural but also cultural differentiation of government, transforming it into a fragmented and hybrid governance system consisting of an authority and multiple autonomous or semi-autonomous operators. this article addresses corporatization at the local government level in norway, exploring if and how this change in formal structure triggers the emergence of separate cultures in the operator entities. described as an institutionalization process, new norms, cognitions and identities seem to develop in these entities, creating a sense of �us� (the municipal company) and �them� (the municipality), thus strengthening the regulative separateness through normative and cultural-cognitive elements. findings from our multiple-case study indicate that this process may be relatively fast and strong, transforming local government into a system comprising various hybrid types, especially segregated and assimilated types. the stronger the structural differentiation is, the stronger cultural differentiation seems to be.
7. title: dealing with multiple principals in at arm's length organizations: a qualitative study of dutch municipally owned corporations
authors: bart voorn, marieke van genugten
abstract: while we have increasing knowledge of causes and effects of municipal corporatization, we know relatively little about governance of municipally owned corporations (mocs). the literature has pointed to various governance problems that can occur when mocs are owned by multiple municipalities. we conduct six case studies into dutch jointly owned mocs to understand governance problems that occur in these mocs and coordination mechanisms used to overcome these problems. we find various governance problems, including free-riding and duplication in governance and lobbying of mocs. we also find coordination mechanisms in place that help bridge differences in interests between municipalities, wherein local civil services play a particularly large role. the result is a level of consensus and stewardship in mocs, regardless of context. however, this is undermined by interventions of municipal councils of individual municipal owners in private-law mocs, and the conflict of interest of the municipal executive board as both principal and agent in public-law mocs.
8. title: the corporatization of healthcare organizations internationally: a scoping review of processes, impacts, and mediators
authors: simon turner, john s. f. wright
abstract: corporatization, the conversion of state-owned enterprises into semi-autonomous, legally independent entities, has gained in popularity internationally since the 1980s. this review suggests that usage of the term has become entangled with other definitions of corporatization, and other organizational reforms associated with new public management, and appears consequently to have lost its distinctiveness in many contemporary studies of corporatization. through a scoping review of literature on corporatization of healthcare organizations internationally, we develop a typology of four perspectives on corporatization (as managerialism of medical work, as institutional level reform to encourage market-like behavior, as corporate governance implications of legal independence, and as private sector colonization) and analyze the specific processes, impacts, and mediators associated with each approach. this typology can aid conceptual clarity in future research on corporatization and orient practitioners to particular management and policy questions within the complex field of reform signified by this term.
9. title: corporatization and political ideology: the case of hospitals in spain
authors: jos� m. alonso, judith clifton, daniel d�az-fuentes
abstract: corporatization�arguably as important as privatization regarding public service reform�remains an under-researched topic in public administration. in this paper, we explore the extent to which the implementation of different types of corporatization strategies can be explained by the ideology of the ruling party in the spanish public healthcare sector, selected for study because this sector was subject to reform, particularly, decentralization and marketization. to do so, we use count-data regression models to analyze secondary data from the 17 spanish regional governments for the period 2003�2017. our estimates reveal that right-wing controlled regional governments exhibit a clear preference for corporatization strategies that actively involve the private sector, such as public�private partnerships and public finance initiatives. further analysis suggests that left-wing governments are positively associated with the implementation of corporatization strategies that do not involve the private sector, such as the creation of public enterprises and public entities. these results are robust to a variety of alternative specifications.
10. title: on the character of the new entrepreneurial national health service in england: reforming health care from within?
authors: damian e. hodgson, simon bailey, mark exworthy, mike bresnen, john hassard, paula hyde
abstract: recent health care reforms in england, combined with financial austerity, have accelerated both corporatization and commercialization in the english national health service (nhs) and this has encouraged greater public sector entrepreneurialism (pse). we advance this argument by examining the meaning and experience of corporatization in this sector, illustrating our argument with qualitative data from a specialist hospital at the forefront of this trend. we demonstrate how the policy and practice of corporatization is entangled with increased commercialism and how this shapes more entrepreneurial conduct from staff. framed in terms of the recursive relationship between organizational dynamics and individual behaviors, we focus empirically upon the shifting epistemic boundaries associated with increased corporatization, describing the dissonant effects of these shifts upon individuals, their attempts to compartmentalize, and the ethical dilemmas that result. through this case we draw conclusions about the emerging impact of corporatization, commercialization, and public sector entrepreneurialism across public services.
11. title: policy preferences in response to negative economic prospects of covid-19: a survey-experiment among local politicians in four european countries
authors: joris van der voet
abstract: this study investigates how the negative economic prospects of the covid-19 pandemic affect local government politicians' policy preferences in the netherlands, the united kingdom, switzerland, and spain. the study examines to what extent politicians prefer increasing the role of government (directive state), transferring public tasks to private sector organizations (hollow state), transferring public tasks to third sector organizations (communitarian state), or downsizing and reducing the role of government without transferring tasks (coping state). the experiment primes decision-makers on the pandemic's negative financial and economic prospects vis-�-vis its impact on health and well-being. when negative economic prospects are emphasized, the study finds decreased preferences for a directive state and increased preferences for a coping state. the study concludes that how decision-makers interpret the nature of a crisis determines their preferred response: an emphasis on the negative economic prospects of the covid-19 pandemic is likely to increase preferences for renewed policies of austerity.
12. title: burdens, sludge, ordeals, red tape, oh my!: a user's guide to the study of frictions
authors: jonas k. madsen, kim s. mikkelsen, donald p. moynihan
abstract: recent years have seen a dramatic growth in the study of frictions that individuals experience, especially in their interactions with the public sector, creating both the potential for new research opportunities and conceptual confusion. we seek to head off the latter by providing, in one place, a definition, description of the development, and comparison of four dominant conceptions of frictions: ordeal mechanisms, red tape, administrative burden, and sludge. in particular, we discuss the four concepts' definitions and use in terms of their objectivity, distributive effects, object and domain, and deliberate design. this article helps researchers to understand the overlap and distinctions between these concepts and the role of public administration in these different traditions. comparisons of the different approaches' thinking also suggest opportunities for mutual learning.
13. title: managing technical reputation: regulatory agencies and evidential work in risk assessment
authors: david demortain, olivier borraz
abstract: how can regulatory agencies with a technical or scientific mission forge and defend their reputation, when the definition of expertise is subject to countervailing influences and perceptions among a wide array of audiences? in this paper, we tackle this broad question, focusing on a particular episode of the european controversy over the regulatory control of exposure to bisphenol a, during which the european food safety authority altered the method by which it produced an assessment of the risk of bpa, responding to the regulatory controversy surrounding this substance. building on the literature on organizational reputation and science and technology studies, we shed light on the work that regulatory agencies undertake to gain credibility in particular configurations of audiences. this perspective on the management of audiences and knowledge standards is central for the explanation of the decisions, policies, and strategies of science-based agencies, and the way in which a technical reputation takes form in controversy-prone areas of regulation.
14. title: enforcement officials' coping strategies in a changing regulatory environment
authors: ning liu, shui-yan tang, carlos wing-hung lo, xueyong zhan
abstract: enforcement officials' coping strategies evolve with changes in job attitudes, work situations, and institutional support. as the institutional context becomes more challenging with stronger performance management and transparency pressures, enforcement officials are less likely to move toward regulatees. besides, in a more challenging context, officials with higher pay satisfaction and societal support are more likely to move toward regulatees. yet officials are consistently less likely to move toward regulatees if they receive fewer resources or more government support. these correlations are supported by results from two rounds of surveys with environmental regulatory enforcement officials in china. our interviews and archival documents helped unearth changes in institutional contexts and enforcement activities between and after our two surveys. this study advances a dynamic view of coping among street-level bureaucrats by showing how changes in institutional contexts may reshape the motivational bases of coping strategies.
15. title: talk or type? the effect of digital interfaces on citizens' satisfaction with standardized public services
authors: christine prokop, markus tepe
abstract: although digital interfaces are increasingly pervading public administration, little is known about how replacing face-to-face interaction with digital interfaces affects citizens' satisfaction with public service encounters. this study presents evidence from a vignette experiment conducted on a sample of german citizens (n = 1.234) whereby we randomly varied the type of public service request with regard to its psychological costs, service quality, and the type of interaction (face-to-face, self-service terminal, or app). we found that replacing face-to-face communication with a digital interface has no effect on citizens' satisfaction, nor does it mitigate the effect of psychological costs, service failure, and recovery. corroborating previous research on service recovery, we found that explaining and apologizing partially compensates for failure. based on these results, we conclude that using digital interfaces does not undermine the goal to enhance citizen satisfaction with public services.
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16. title: management accounting in public service decision making. prowle, malcolm j. routledge, 2021, 262 pp., isbn: 978-1-138-36616-9 (hbk), 978-1-138-36617-6 (pbk), 978-0-429-43046-6 (ebk)
authors: lin guo
abstract: the article reviews the book management accounting in public service decision making by malcolm j. prowle.
17. title: government statistical agencies and the politics of credibility
authors: philip rocco
abstract: the article reviews the book government statistical agencies and the politics of credibility by cosmo wyndham howard.
18. title: public service motivation and public opinion: examining antecedents and attitudes (elements in public and nonprofit administration), piatak, jaclyn and holt, stephen, cambridge: cambridge university press, 2021, 84 pp., $20.00 (pb), isbn: 9781108964005
authors: colt jensen
abstract: the article reviews the book public service motivation and public opinion: examining antecedents and attitudes by jaclyn s. piatak and stephen b. holt.
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