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volume 49, issue 10, august 2012
1. title: social trust in urban neighbourhoods: the effect of relative ethnic group position
authors: linda bakker andkarien dekker
abstract: social trust is essential to a cohesive society. previous studies have demonstrated the importance of individual and contextual determinants in explaining social trust. in this paper it is argued, by means of blumer�s group position theory, that an individual�s position in the ethnic hierarchy relative to that of the neighbourhood residents influences his or her social trust in the neighbourhood. the multilevel regression analysis of data from the amsterdam safety monitor 2009 provides tentative support for this theory. building upon previous studies, the relevant individual and contextual determinants of social trust in the neighbourhood are also studied. contrary to earlier findings, no neighbourhood effects are detected. thus, it is neither the actual position in the ethnic hierarchy nor the effect of the neighbourhood, but the ethnic position relative to the neighbourhood residents that diminishes minority group members� social trust through a threat that appears to be both socioeconomic and cultural.
2. title: spatialities of ethnocultural relations in multicultural east london: discourses of interaction and social mix
authors: penny-panagiota koutrolikou
abstract: healey has described planning as managing a shared existence in space. in the context of multicultural cities, this shared lived experience brings to the forefront the interdependence of the factors shaping urban life and intergroup relations. in the past decade, throughout europe, urban policies for deprived areas became increasingly concerned with issues of segregation, community cohesion and social mix alongside addressing deprivation. concerns about urban tensions further accentuated such tendencies. implicitly or explicitly, such policies rely strongly on the influence of contact and the interaction of intergroup relations. however, the way that the associated theories have been incorporated into discussions and policies tends to focus on a fleeting interaction approach, with questionable outcomes. through the lens of two london boroughs, this paper explores the spatial dimensions of �living together� and the ways that social mix, interaction and multicultural spaces affect intergroup relations.
3. title: territorial stigma and the politics of resistance in a parisian banlieue: la courneuve and beyond
authors: david garbin and gareth millington
abstract: drawing on research carried out in the parisian banlieue of la courneuve, this article contributes to the sociological analysis of urban marginalisation in post-riot france. beginning with a discussion of the broad relationship between society and space, drawing on pierre bourdieu�s relational understanding of social space and how these complexities are inscribed in the urban, it moves on to consider how this relates to lefebvre�s production of space thesis. the main body of the article outlines some of the ways in which territorial stigmatisation is imposed and reproduced. empirical material is treated here as �diagnostic� of the symbolic domination that blights la courneuve. yet this material is also illuminative of the irregular and scattered forms that resistance to territorial stigma takes. it is suggested that the complex relationship between social and physical space is expressed through the construction of symbolic geographies of domination/resistance and negotiated through intricate �entanglements of power�.
4. title: �latino gentrification�?:focusing on physical and socioeconomic patterns of change in latin american inner cities
authors: jorge inzulza-contardo
abstract: although gentrification is an accepted process nowadays around the globe, little debate is found in the latin american context�particularly, when considering that 70 per cent of this continent is urbanised and that major physical and socioeconomic changes have been observed in its historical neighbourhoods in the past 20 years. this paper focuses on the continuity and change that santiago, chile, has shown in recent decades. empirical data are provided to reflect both the physical and socioeconomic patterns of change that have modified the urban morphology and the social capital of santiago�s inner city. furthermore, by selecting bellavista�one of the oldest inner-city neighbourhoods of santiago�this paper draws conclusions about how specific urban regeneration strategies can promote gentrification and then links them with wider patterns of �latino gentrification�.
5. title: the effects of racial segregation on trust and volunteering in us cities
authors: jonathan t. rothwell
abstract: a large body of recent research claims that racial diversity hinders the general trust of others, but these studies rarely consider how racial segregation mediates diversity. this article re-examines the issue by considering how the residential isolation of minorities alters general trust and one manifestation of trust: volunteering in cities. using data from the us, the results from a regression analysis suggest that metropolitan-level racial segregation decreases trust and volunteering. diversity has no significant effect. the results are robust to a variety of specifications and assumptions. the use of historical metropolitan and state characteristics improves the fit between segregation and distrust, and political affiliation is explored as a potential link between group distrust and general distrust. high levels of trust have been identified as a source of good governance and economic performance; integration is likely to enhance these attributes regardless of the level of diversity.
6. title: parental wealth and first-time homeownership: a cohort study of family background and young adults� housing situation in sweden
authors: cecilia enstr�m �st
abstract: this paper investigates whether family background seems to have any influence on first-time homeownership. recent studies have indicated that it has become more difficult to become established in the housing market and such situations may increase the importance of parental wealth. in this study, parental wealth is estimated as family background information on parents� homeownership, father�s socioeconomic status and single parenting. unique cohort data for three birth cohorts suggest that there is a significant cohort effect in young adults� tenure decision. furthermore, the results imply that parents� homeownership has become a more important predictor of the transition to first-time homeownership for those young adults facing increasing problems in the housing market.
7. title: the effect of residential location on retirement age: theory and some evidence on male behaviour in the us
authors: jorge gonz�lez chapela
abstract: retirement age choice is introduced into a conventional model of residential location to show that the retirement age of workers who do not move after retirement can be influenced by the urban variation of leisure and housing prices. a retirement demand equation that incorporates commuting characteristics is estimated on a sample of us urban male owners interviewed by the panel study of income dynamics. it is found that commuters retire around two years earlier than comparable home-based workers, although the evidence provides no support for this gap to be the result of differences in leisure or housing prices across both groups.
8. title: by community or design? age-restricted neighbourhoods, physical design and baby boomers� local travel behaviour in suburban boston, us
authors: christopher zegras, jae seung lee, and eran ben-joseph
abstract: this article analyses the travel behaviour, residential choices and related preferences of 55 baby boomers in suburban boston, usa, looking specifically at age-restricted neighbourhoods. for this highly auto-dependent group, do neighbourhood-related characteristics influence local-level recreational walk/bike and social activity trip-making? the analysis aims to discern community (for example, social network) versus physical (for example, street network) influences. structural equation models, incorporating attitudes and residential choice, are used to control for self-selection and to account for direct and indirect effects among exogenous and endogenous variables. the analysis reveals modest neighbourhood effects. living in age-restricted, as opposed to unrestricted, suburban neighbourhoods modestly increases the likelihood of residents being active (i.e. making at least one local recreational walk/bike trip) and the number of local social trips. overall, the age-restricted community status has greater influence on recreational and social activity trip-making than the neighbourhood physical characteristics, although some community�neighbourhood interaction exists.
9. title: hollowing out neighbourhood governance? rescaling revitalisation in baltimore and bristol
authors: jonathan s. davies andmadeleine pill
abstract: the neighbourhood has been a prominent terrain for revitalisation in recent times, and also for studies by scholars debating the significance of networked governance as the means of public service co-ordination, democratic voice or social control. this study of the governance of neighbourhoods in baltimore and bristol suggests that there may be a need to rethink these perspectives, as bristol begins to converge with baltimore on the terrain of exclusionary city governance, neighbourhood disinvestment and self-help. if the study is representative, it may point to a retreat from neighbourhood governance and the possibility that, in the era of austerity, economically �unviable� neighbourhoods face abandonment.
10. title: assessing the impacts of smart growth policies on home developers in a bi-state metropolitan area: evidence from the portland metropolitan area
authors: hongwei dong andjohn gliebe
abstract: while there are many empirical studies examining the effectiveness of smart growth policies, few of them study the perspective of developers, the major urban space producers in us cities. this article assesses the impacts of smart growth policies on home developers in the portland bi-state metropolitan area by developing home developer location choice models. the study shows that home developers in the region are sensitive to most smart growth policies being implemented in the region, but they react to them differently across the border between oregon and washington due to their different land use planning systems. the findings suggest that smart growth policies impact single- and multifamily home developers� location choices differently and that home developers exhibit strong spatial inertia in their location choice.
11. title: transformative metropolitan development models in large canadian urban areas: the predominance of nodes
authors: pierre filion andanna kramer
abstract: the paper centres on the content of metropolitan-scale plans of the six largest canadian urban regions. plans in all these regions promote intensification and alternatives to automobile use, and thus adhere to smart growth and sustainability principles. in all cases save one, reliance on nodal development is the preferred manner of achieving intensification and ensuring its co-ordination with public transit services. meanwhile, however, results point to differences in the stage of development of metropolitan planning strategies. the paper concludes by reflecting on the wide adoption of the nodal model in metropolitan plans. it interprets this popularity as the outcome of the ability of nodes to achieve intensification and reduced car reliance objectives, while conforming to prevailing planning and institutional capacity. the effectiveness of the nodal approach and other broad metropolitan planning concepts rests in their capacity to procure a metropolitan structure for the other scales at which urban planning is practised.
12. title: governing farmland conversion for urban development from the perspective of transaction cost economics
authors: rong tan, volker beckmann, futian qu, and cifang wu
abstract: this paper considers farmland conversion for the purpose of urban development as a series of transactions and discusses the determinants of appropriate governance structures for governing farmland conversion in terms of process efficiency. towards this end, the paper develops a theoretical framework for analysing the process of farmland conversion based on transaction cost economics. the framework covers transactions, transaction attributes, governance structures and performance with the aim of minimising transaction costs. the paper also demonstrates the usability of the framework by creating a corresponding quantitative model for a case study in china. furthermore, it identifies factors that influence the transaction costs associated with farmland conversion in china and explains why the related governance structures are chosen.
13. title: an analysis of the feasibility of private land assembly for special economic zones in india
authors: triyakshana seshadri
abstract: india has used export processing zones as a development strategy since the mid 1960s. the performance of these zones did not meet expectations and, in 2001, the government changed the rules and the name, and recast them as special economic zones. indian special economic zone policy was formulated to facilitate the private development of big industrial townships. this is a significant departure from the typical export zone model, where governments usually develop the zone and invite entrepreneurs to start firms within it. however, the zone policy is unlikely to achieve its objective because of land acquisition problems. this paper analyses the effect of land laws such as land ceiling and land use clauses, and the political nature of land dealings in the context of special economic zone development in india, and concludes that private land acquisition is not possible with the current structure of land laws in india, and that this is a primary problem for the private development in special economic zones in india.
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14. title: the city, the river, the bridge: before and after the minneapolis bridge collapse
authors: julie cidell
abstract: the article reviews the book the city, the river, the bridge: before and after the minneapolis bridge collapse by patrick nunnally.
15. title: culture, heritage and representation: perspectives on visuality and the past
authors: hannah neate
abstract: the article reviews the book �culture, heritage and representation: perspectives on visuality and the past� by emma waterton and steve watson.
16. title: city limits: perspectives on the historical european city
authors:
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abstract: the article reviews the book city limits: perspectives on the historical european city by glenn clark, judith owens and greg t. smith.
17. title: villes et organisation de l espace en r�publique d�mocratique du congo
authors: theodore trefon
abstract: the article reviews the book villes et organisation de l espace en re�publique de�mocratique du congo by le�on de saint moulin.
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