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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��bjbj�n�n2��a��an� ��""��8��4�,rl ===�q�q�q�q�q�q�q$�s�nvf�q-�=====�q�� 4�qyyy=� � �qy=�qyyy ��@��i��?4yq�q0,ry�vsf�vyy�/�v�np==y=====�q�q��===,r====��v========="qs: research policy volume 50, issue 9, november 2021 1. title: innovation, growth and the transition to net-zero emissions authors: nicholas stern, anna valero abstract: the climate crisis and the global economic impact of the covid-19 crisis occur against a background of slowing growth and widening inequalities, which together imply an urgent need for a new environmentally sustainable and inclusive approach to growth. investments in �clean� innovation and its diffusion are key to shaping this, accompanied by investments in complementary assets including sustainable infrastructure, and human, natural and social capital which will not only help achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, but will also improve productivity, living standards and the prospects of individuals. in this article, we draw on the theoretical and empirical evidence on the opportunities, drivers and policies for innovation-led sustainable growth. we highlight the importance of a coordinated set of long-term policies and institutions that can enable and foster private sector investments in clean innovation and assets quickly and at scale. in doing so, we draw inspiration from chris freeman's work on the system-wide drivers of innovation, and his early vision of achieving environmental sustainability by reorienting growth. 2. title: adjusting to the digital: societal outcomes and consequences authors: robin mansell abstract: innovation in digital technologies is central to contemporary debates about the need for policy and regulatory adjustment in response to the consequences of the centrality of these technologies in contemporary societies. christopher freeman's research in relation to changes in techno-economic paradigm and, specifically, in relation to the information and communication technology (ict) paradigm, cautioned that assessments of these changes needed to go beyond market dynamics to examine social, cultural and political issues. in this paper several predominant themes in his work are foregrounded � the ambiguity of changes within the ict paradigm; the role of guiding principles in influencing expectations about societal outcomes; and the importance of political factors in shaping the consequences of technological innovation. these three themes are then deployed in a discussion of recent innovations � two technical (5g mobile networks and artificial intelligence-as-a-service) and one institutional (proposals for changes in the international taxation regime in response to claims that the existing regime is inappropriate in the face of global online service provision). in each instance, the aim is to illustrate how following freeman by giving attention to the themes operates as an important guide to analysis of adjustments to novel deployments of digital technology. the conclusion emphasizes the value of freeman's contributions to shaping research agendas that acknowledge the need to humanize technology, to consider alternatives to taken-for-granted principles and practices, and to take into account the role of political power in tandem with concentrated economic power. 3. title: chris freeman's concept of evolution�a critique of the misuse of biological analogies in macroeconomics authors: francisco lou��, ricardo cabral abstract: on the occasion of the centenary of the birth of chris freeman, this paper presents an overview and analyzes his concept of economic evolution and his other contributions to the field of economics. chris freeman was one of the leading economists in the field of evolutionary economics during the second half of the twentieth century. together with richard nelson and sidney winter, as well as a number of other scholars, he contributed to establishing and developing a research program which extends from opening the black box of innovation through to the macroeconomic implications of long-term changes in the economy, technology and social organization. additionally, freeman suggested a new macroeconomic foundation for microeconomics � the unfinished legacy of our science. the chapter investigates how these foundations were developed as a critical view of inadequate metaphors from biology. 4. title: governance of data sharing: a law & economics proposal authors: inge graef, jens pr�fer abstract: to prevent market tipping, which inhibits innovation, there is an urgent need to mandate sharing of user information in data-driven markets. existing legal mechanisms to impose data sharing under eu competition law and data portability under the gdpr are not sufficient to tackle this problem. mandated data sharing requires the design of a governance structure that combines elements of economically efficient centralization with legally necessary decentralization. we identify three feasible options. one is to centralize investigations and enforcement in a european data sharing agency (edsa), while decision-making power lies with national competition authorities in a board of supervisors. the second option is to set up a data sharing cooperation network coordinated through a european data sharing board, with the national competition authority best placed to run the investigation adjudicating and enforcing the mandatory data-sharing decision across the eu. a third option is to mix both governance structures and to task national authorities to investigate and adjudicate and the eu-level edsa with enforcement of data sharing. 5. title: the politics of research and innovation: understanding instrument choices in complex governance environments � the case of france and italy authors: claudia acciai abstract: what governments desire to achieve, and how they want to accomplish their goals, represent the core of any policy design process. however, it is still unclear how partisan politics, in its combined effect with path-dependency forces, influence policy makers� choices over alternative instrument mixes. through a comparative analysis of research and innovation (r&i) instrument choices in countries characterized by different paradigmatic models of policy (italy and france), the paper investigates how the politics of different cabinets influence the formulation of national r&i strategies and the extent to which these decisions are constrained by the legacy of previous choices. by capitalizing on a new proposed treatment of policy instruments, the paper contributes to the definition of the types of tools found in policy mixes, investigating how national r&i instrument mix variations develop. the results of the analysis indicate how the selection of r&i policy instruments does not closely follow traditional left versus right-wing political cleavages, and their evolution is generally influenced by a combination of different context-dependent dynamics. however, when partisan acceptance of consolidated r&i instrument mixes across cabinets is present, this triggers a consolidating effect on path-dependency forces. 6. title: can antitrust law enforcement spur innovation? antitrust regulation of patent consolidation and its impact on follow-on innovations authors: seokbeom kwon, alan c. marco abstract: this study examines the effect of antitrust regulation of patent consolidation on the development of follow-on innovations. our reconciliation of the various strains of literature hypothesizes that in sectors where cumulative innovation is crucial to firms� market operations, a firm that consolidates patents for substituting technologies for its already-possessed technologies discourages market competitions and follow-on innovation by competitors. in this case, antitrust regulation of patent consolidation is anticipated to positively affect competitors� follow-on innovation. we empirically test this hypothesis with the case of the us department of justice's regulation of novell's software patent transfers to four large proprietary software companies (i.e., microsoft, oracle, emc, and apple) in 2011. our analyses using us patent, trademark, and z6尊龙app官方网站 copyright data have found evidence corroborating our hypothesis. our research provides policy and scholarly implications regarding how antitrust law can be a complementary institution to the patent law for promoting innovation. 7. title: long waves in the geography of innovation: the rise and decline of regional clusters of creativity over time authors: malte doehne, katja rost abstract: we explain the rise and decline of regional clusters of creativity over time. we argue that this dynamic is the result of the interplay of individually rational decision-making processes with collective externalities of unplanned social encounters; migration to particular places at particular times interacts with a preference to engage with similar others. this interplay leads to the rise and subsequent decline of opportunities for encounters between people who operate in different domains, a basic requirement for radical innovative change. the consequent decline of formerly innovative regions creates opportunities for new innovative regions to emerge. we test this theory using three independently curated datasets. the first includes the geocoded places and years of the births and deaths of 124,860 notable individuals who lived in europe between 1000 and 1900 ce, used to measure opportunities for domain-diverse encounters in regions and regions� time-varying attractiveness in global mobility networks. the second and third datasets consist of the geocoded locations and founding years of 3,165 catholic monasteries and of 16,596 publishing houses. we use these organizational innovations as robust, independent indicators for a region's capacity to foster incremental and radical change. our paper aims to open a broader social network perspective on the rise and decline of regional clusters of creativity over time. 8. title: a resourcification manifesto: understanding the social process of resources becoming resources authors: johan hultman, herv� corvellec, anne jerneck, susanne arvidsson, ... niklas wahlberg abstract: in times of major global interconnectedness and environmental change, the pressure to identify, create, and exploit new resources is certain to intensify. given that there are unavoidable trade-offs, conflicts, and arenas for violence involved when increasingly more material and immaterial things are turned into resources, we call for explicit research on the very process � a process that we label resourcification. the concept of resourcification shifts attention from essentialist queries about the nature of resources to a focus on the social processes through which things are turned into resources. in search of a better understanding of resources in the anthropocene and, in particular, an understanding about the way resources emerge and are used, resourcification offers a new conceptual framework that allows for a systematic search for knowledge about the diversity of contexts, conditions, modes, and temporalities of resourcification. this resourcification manifesto offers a theoretical and empirical framework for a radical and disruptive approach to innovation, sustainability, and management studies and policies. 9. title: blinded by the sun: the role of prosumers as niche actors in incumbent firms� adoption of solar power during sustainability transitions authors: carmen weigelt, shaohua lu, j. cameron verhaal abstract: while extant research discusses how niche innovations develop in protected market niches and trigger regime shifts along sustainability transition pathways, we know less about the direct role of different niche actors as competitors in affecting regime incumbents� investments in niche innovations. this study addresses this gap and builds on strategic niche management and the multi-level perspective to distinguish two different niche actors: prosumers on the demand-side applying a niche innovation in a disruptive way to regime incumbents� business model, and new entrants on the supply-side applying the niche innovation symbiotically with the regime. we examine incumbent responses to these different niche actors in different competitive and policy environments. studying the united states� electricity industry's sustainability transition toward solar from 2010-2017, we find that as more niche actors enter, regime incumbents are more likely to invest in the niche innovation, but the effect is influenced by policy and competitiveness of the environment. in competitive environments, incumbents are more likely to respond to disruptive niche actors (prosumers), while in traditional monopoly-like markets they are more likely to respond to symbiotic niche actors. we also find that the prosumer effect is stronger when the time that policies in support of the niche innovation have existed is shorter, indicating a potential substituting relationship of niche actors and policy. our work contributes to the extant literature by demonstrating that the interplay between different niche actors needs to be understood within the context of policy, and that considering policy without accounting for the competitive environment may omit an important aspect of how regime actors become active participants in sustainability transitions. 10. title: facilitators and inhibitors for integrating expertise diversity in innovation teams: the case of plasmid exchange in molecular biology authors: michael a. zaggl, judith pottb�cker abstract: innovation increasingly relies on collaboration in teams instead of individual efforts. although the advantages of teams for innovating are virtually undisputed, we have only a very rudimentary understanding of their success drivers. to shed more light on innovation teams, we conceptualize multiplicity in expertise as nonredundant expertise and distinguish it from factors that facilitate or hinder the integration of this expertise. these factors are overlap in expertise, disparity in team members� status, and whether or not teams use automation technology. we use the empirical context of molecular biology, especially the part of this field in which teams produce and exchange genetic material in the form of so-called plasmids. combining data about plasmids from a central plasmid repository (addgene) with bibliometric data endows us with a rich dataset capturing information about team diversity in addition to two innovation performance measures (the number of plasmid orders and the number of citations attracted by publications). our analysis shows that multiplicity in expertise increases innovation performance; this relationship is strengthened by the overlap in expertise and weakened by disparity in status and the use of the automation technology. our paper provides a more detailed theory of expertise diversity and contributes to the diversity literature. our findings also lead to implications for practitioners. 11. title: hype cycles during socio-technical transitions: the dynamics of collective expectations about renewable energy in germany authors: michael kriechbaum, alfred posch, angelika hauswiesner abstract: the literature on socio-technical change describes the widely acknowledged, important roles of collectively shared expectations in shaping the trajectories of novel technologies. however, in previous studies on these technological expectations, researchers have mainly emphasised early innovation stages, paying little attention to technologies that have already begun to challenge and transform the established socio-technical system. in this study, we use the example of the german energy transition to address this gap. by conducting a content analysis of nearly 12,000 newspaper articles, we examined the nature and dynamics of expectations that were circulating in germany's wider public from 1992 to 2017 regarding wind power, solar photovoltaics, and biogas. our findings reveal patterns of hype and disillusionment for all three technologies and illustrate the important roles of frame expectations in shaping these hype cycles. furthermore, the findings shed new light on processes that contribute to the emergence and dynamics of widely shared expectations and indicate that the associated hype patterns are manifestations of unfolding transition dynamics rather than the result of frustrated expectations. in theoretical terms, we integrated insights from (transition) research on discourse and framing into the sociology of expectations, initiating a promising dialogue between scholars in these two fields. 12. title: the drivers of sme innovation in the regions of the eu authors: jos�-luis herv�s-oliver, mario davide parrilli, andr�s rodr�guez-pose, francisca sempere-ripoll abstract: european union (eu) innovation policies have for long remained mostly research driven. the fundamental goal has been to achieve a rate of r&d investment of 3% of gdp. small and medium-sized enterprise (sme) innovation, however, relies on a variety of internal sources �both r&d and non-r&d based� and external drivers, such as collaboration with other firms and research centres, and is profoundly influence by location and context. given this multiplicity of innovation activities, this study argues that innovation policies fundamentally based on a place-blind increase of r&d investment may not deliver the best outcomes in regions where the capacity of smes is to benefit from r&d is limited. we posit that collaboration and regional specificities can play a greater role in determining sme innovation, beyond just r&d activities. using data from the regional innovation scoreboard (ris), covering 220 regions across 22 european countries, we find that regions in europe differ significantly in terms of sme innovation depending on their location. smes in more innovative regions benefit to a far greater extent from a combination of internal r&d, external collaboration of all sorts, and non-r&d inputs. smes in less innovative regions rely fundamentally on external sources and, particularly, on collaboration with other firms. greater investment in public r&d does not always lead to improvements in regional sme innovation, regardless of context. collaboration is a central innovation activity that can complement r&d, showing an even stronger effect on sme innovation than r&d. hence, a more collaboration-based and place-sensitive policy is required to maximise sme innovation across the variety of european regional contexts. 13. title: how do new use environments influence a technology's knowledge trajectory? a patent citation network analysis of lithium-ion battery technology authors: abhishek malhotra, huiting zhang, martin beuse, tobias schmidt abstract: it is important for policymakers and industry practitioners to understand the factors that influence the evolution of a technology's knowledge base, i.e., its knowledge trajectory. the literature on the evolution of technologies and their underlying knowledge bases suggests that technological innovation takes place in an incremental and cumulative manner along certain trajectories. we extend this literature by not only focusing on the influence of the design hierarchy on the evolution of knowledge, but also the influence of emergence of use environments. we focus on the case of lithium-ion battery (lib) technology from 1970 to 2018. we use a dataset of 101,620 patent families to identify and analyze the lib industry's core knowledge trajectory. our results indicate that the emergence of new use environments (in particular, those that require different service characteristics as compared to older use environments) can serve as an important mechanism for increased knowledge generation at the level of the product architecture, increased product innovation, increased technological uncertainty, and increased participation of new actors in the core knowledge trajectory. we discuss implications for practitioners and policy makers interested in understanding factors that influence the relative knowledge positions of firms and nations in complex, multi-purpose technologies. 14. title: getting on board with new ideas: an analysis of idea commitments on a crowdsourcing platform authors: dirk deichmann, thomas gillier, marco tonellato abstract: while it is commonly known that ideas submitted through crowdsourcing platforms need support from others to be realized, our understanding of what idea creators can do to garner this support is still limited. in this study, we argue that the behavior of idea creators on a crowdsourcing platform plays a critical role to attract support. in particular, we suggest that creators who commit their time and energy to the development and realization of others� ideas may activate generalized exchange dynamics that result in an increased number of commitments from other peers to their own ideas�especially when these ideas are very novel or not very feasible. to test our hypotheses, we studied 1,201 participants and their behavior related to 244 ideas on the internal crowdsourcing platform of the car manufacturer renault. controlling for a series of relevant individual and idea characteristics, our findings confirm that creators who commit themselves to others� ideas on the crowdsourcing platform elicit more commitments from others for their own ideas. this relationship becomes stronger for very novel and not very feasible ideas. we discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings that contribute to the general discussion of crowdsourcing and how idea creators can assemble a team of supporters on such platforms. 15. title: capturing conversations in entrepreneurial ecosystems authors: augusto rocha, ross brown, suzanne mawson abstract: this paper examines a novel and innovative methodological approach and dataset for measuring the complex relational dynamics underpinning entrepreneurial ecosystems (ees). existing measurement techniques have largely failed to yield sufficiently nuanced data or insights to inform robust policy recommendations within this research field. to rectify this situation, this paper sets out a novel approach to assessing the relational connectivity within ees by capturing entrepreneurial "conversations". drawing on real-time data extracted from an event-based social media platform, in combination with social network analysis and qualitative interview data, we provide an in-depth assessment of the relational connections within the city of edinburgh at three analytical levels. overall, the paper demonstrates that the analysis of conversations and conversational spaces is an important mechanism for exploring and mapping the relational connectivity within ees. as well as producing novel empirical insights, this approach provides policy makers with vital strategic policy intelligence to help better inform public policy frameworks and associated interventions. 16. title: innovation performance feedback and technological alliance portfolio diversity: the moderating role of firms� r&d intensity authors: andrea mart�nez-noya, esteban garc�a-canal abstract: this paper analyzes how innovation performance feedback affects firms� decisions to change the diversity of their technological alliance portfolio and how this relationship is moderated by firms� r&d intensity. in line with behavioral theory, we argue that only those firms deviating (either above or below) from their performance aspiration levels are expected to embrace changes in their alliance portfolio. we also posit that a firm's r&d intensity captures its ability to identify and detect good partners, based on its technological absorptive capacity. on this basis and given that recent innovation performance may condition firms� attractiveness as partners, we expect that for firms performing below aspirations, r&d intensity negatively moderates the propensity to increase alliance portfolio diversity. on the contrary, when firms perform above aspirations, r&d intensity reinforces the propensity to increase alliance portfolio diversity. we find support for our hypotheses based on data from the spanish technological innovation panel from 2008 to 2015. 17. title: obstacles affecting innovation in small and medium enterprises: quantitative analysis of the argentinean manufacturing sector authors: valeria arza, emanuel l�pez abstract: this study contributes to the understanding of how obstacles to innovation affect firms of different size. until now, the literature on obstacles to innovation has not provided a systematic appraisal of how diverse obstacles affect different innovation decisions and whether this is similar for small and medium enterprises (smes) and larger firms. identifying what and when obstacles matter is important for innovation policy. we use econometric techniques suitable for our data coming from an argentinean innovation survey for the period 2010�2012. we find that there are different obstacles that prevent innovation (deterrent obstacles) and that affect the intensity of investment in innovation (revealed obstacles). cost, market and institutional obstacles are important deterring barriers, while market and knowledge obstacles affect the intensity of investment in innovation. when contrasting smes against large firms, we see that the former are more affected by obstacles, particularly by cost obstacles, as factors deterring innovation. 18. title: does gender affect innovation? evidence from female chief technology officers authors: qiang wu, wassim dbouk, iftekhar hasan, nada kobeissi, li zheng abstract: in this paper, we examine the impact of female chief technology officers (ctos) on corporate innovation. we find that firms with female ctos are more innovative (as captured by both patent counts and patent citations) than firms with male ctos. this effect is more pronounced for firms with a stronger innovation-supportive culture, firms with female ceos, and when female ctos are more powerful. using mediation analyses, we further validate that female ctos� transformational leadership style is a plausible mechanism through which they affect innovation positively. 19. title: rich on paper? chinese firms� academic publications, patents, and market value authors: david h. hsu, po-hsuan hsu, qifeng zhao abstract: by combining various databases of academic publications and patents of china's publicly listed firms, we explore the effects of academic publications on firm valuation. we find that chinese firms� academic publications are positively associated with their market valuation. more importantly, such a positive relation is more pronounced when these firms have stronger patent records, highlighting a synergy between basic research and applied technologies. mechanism tests indicate that firms' academic publications promote their market values through enhancing their human capital and sending credible signals to the market. we also find that publications in english-language journals are more value-relevant than in chinese-language journals. 20. title: cross-border effects of r&d tax incentives authors: bodo knoll, nadine riedel, thomas schwab, maximilian todtenhaupt, johannes voget abstract: existing evidence shows that r&d tax incentives boost countries� private sector r&d. given the importance of multinational enterprises (mnes) for private sector innovation, it is unclear, however, whether firms engage in genuinely new r&d or whether r&d is reallocated across borders. drawing on data on unconsolidated r&d activity of mnes in europe, we provide evidence that responses are dominated by cross-border relocations: more generous tax incentives in one country increase mnes� r&d investments in affiliates located there, while lowering r&d investments in affiliates of the same mne group located in other countries. globally, firms hardly raise their r&d activities when tax incentives become more generous. 21. title: digital skills, relatedness and green diversification: a study of european regions authors: artur santoalha, davide consoli, fulvio castellacci abstract: prior research identifies relatedness as a key driver of new specializations in the domain of green technologies. the present paper extends the evolutionary economic geography framework by focussing on digital literacy. specifically, we argue that workforce skills associated with the use and development of ict technologies are an important, if understudied, determinant of regional diversification into new green technologies. accordingly, we analyse their relationships with relatedness and green diversification using panel data on 142 european regions for the period 2006 � 2013. we find that e-skills endowment is a positive predictor of regions� ability to specialise in new technological domains, and especially for green specializations. further, e-skills negatively moderate the effect of relatedness on technological diversification. these results call attention to the potential of digitalisation in the context of the transition towards a greener economy. 22. title: long-term effects from early exposure to research: evidence from the nih �yellow berets� authors: pierre azoulay, wesley h. greenblatt, misty l. heggeness abstract: can a relatively short but intense exposure to frontier research alter the career trajectories of potential innovators? to answer this question, we study the careers and productivity of 3075 medical school graduates who applied to the associate training programs (atp) of the national institutes of health (nih) during the turbulent period of the vietnam war, 1965�1975. carefully selecting on observables, we compare physicians who attended the program to those who passed a first admission screen but were ultimately not selected. we find that program participants were twice as likely to choose a research-focused position after training, and considerably less likely to switch to purely clinical endeavors as their careers unfolded. over the life cycle, nih trainees also garnered publications, citations, and grant funding at a much higher rate than synthetic controls, and went on to mentor more trainees who themselves became successful researchers. the direction of their research efforts was durably imprinted by their training experience. in particular, nih trainees appear to have acquired a distinct �translational� style of biomedical research which became an implicit training model for physician-scientists as atp alumni came to occupy the commanding heights of academic medicine throughout the united states. 23. title: efficiency of european universities: a comparison of peers authors: lars herberholz, berthold u. wigger abstract: following the bologna declaration, europe's higher education sector has become increasingly integrated causing competition among universities that is no longer bound to national borders. in light of this development, the present paper investigates the relative efficiency of 450 european universities between 2011 and 2014. the novelty of our approach lies in its extended coverage of university outputs and in the thorough comparison of peers. we focus primarily on subject orientation for identifying peers, not only because of its substantial variation across europe's university sector, but also because we find it to be closely linked to several other institutional attributes. differences at the subject level even become evident for some of the drivers of efficiency. however, we do discover two important efficiency drivers, namely institutional size and the extent of external funding, that have positive effects in all subject clusters. 24. title: putting the watering can away �towards a targeted (problem-oriented) cluster policy framework authors: nils grashof abstract: in view of the undisputed promising effects of regional clusters and spurred by lighthouse examples such as silicon valley, cluster policies have been popular in many countries worldwide. however, in recent years the complaints have become louder about the actual economic relevance and efficiency of such regional innovation policies. in particular, the high degree of standardization in the so far applied cluster policies, focusing primarily on collaborative incentives to strengthen the relational density in clusters, have been criticized as being rather ineffective and costly to society. in order to solve this one-size-fits-all problem, it has been proposed that cluster policies should instead focus on the concrete conditions and needs within regional clusters. the aim of this paper is to respond to this call by considering firm-, cluster- and market-/industry-specific particularities. based on an extensive systematic review of the empirical literature about the relationship between clusters and firms� performances, an overview about relevant conditions is elaborated. by integrating such an overview with the general policy rationales it becomes possible to identify potential problems, e.g. in terms of missing absorptive capacities, which cluster policy can purposefully address. for each identified problem, a potential targeted (problem-oriented) policy intervention is therefore suggested. the corresponding result of this procedure is a policy-framework that offers an increased practical value in terms of bringing forth specific adaptive cluster policies rather than one-size-fits-all policies and thereby contributing to a more sophisticated understanding of the design of cluster policies. 25. title: which innovation regime for public service innovation networks for social innovation (psinsis)? lessons from a european cases database authors: beno�t desmarchelier, faridah djellal, fa�z gallouj abstract: this article is devoted to �public service innovation networks for social innovations� (psinsis) � collaborative systems that are being established, within public services, to design and implement social innovations. drawing on a database of 24 case studies collected in different european countries and different areas of wicked social problems, this article aims to discuss how psinsis fit into the entrepreneurial and routinized innovation and learning regimes described by evolutionary economics. it highlights the diverse variations of these general regimes, bringing to the fore different forms of social entrepreneurship (bricoleurs, constructionists and engineers) and different configurations of the routinized regime (organizational entrepreneurship, canonical, intrapreneurial, extrapreneurial, spin-off). it also highlights the relationships between these two regimes and their various configurations. overall, this article contributes to the shift �from visible innovation to dark innovation� in innovation studies called for by martin (2016). 26. title: exploring novel technologies through board interlocks: spillover vs. broad exploration authors: mingxiang li abstract: we draw upon insights from social networks and organizational learning to argue that board interlocks not only affect technological exploration (technological innovations that explore new technological domains) but also bring about different outcomes based on the various primary roles of the individuals creating them. we also advance the knowledge-spillover literature by arguing that interlocks are more influential in affecting spillover exploration (imitating technologies from interlocked firms) than in influencing broad exploration (exploring novel technologies beyond interlocked firms). moreover, we predict that interlocks created by focal executives (or executive-created interlocks) affect spillover and broad exploration of the focal firm more strongly than those created by outside directors (or non-executive-created interlocks). we test these hypotheses by analyzing information from multiple resources, including historical records of board appointments and data on technological innovations by u.s. public companies. empirical analyses provide some support for our hypotheses. specifically, our findings suggest that an increased number of board interlocks improves the likelihood of technological exploration. results also indicate that board interlocks are more influential in generating spillover exploration than broad exploration. finally, empirical evidence reveals that executive-created interlocks are more important than non-executive-created interlocks in promoting spillover exploration. 27. title: re-examining path dependence in the digital age: the evolution of connected car business models authors: ren� bohnsack, hannes kurtz, andr� hanelt abstract: proliferating digitalization affects the evolution of business models across contexts and challenges firms� established innovation trajectories. prior work on organizational path dependence suggests that firms experience decreasing option spaces over time and ultimately arrive at lock-in situations that prevent them from reacting to changing environmental conditions. contemporary business practice, however, challenges these assumptions, as firms�even industrial-age incumbents�appear to be able to escape lock-ins and restore choices. one potential explanation for this could be the flexible nature of digital technologies that are increasingly integrated into business models during digitalization. to explore how and why this process affects organizational path dependence, we conducted a longitudinal multiple case study on connected car business models. we derive four business model archetypes adopted by different companies in the automotive industry and by new entrants, and we describe their evolution over time. we find that the growing integration of digital technologies into business models increases the number of possible pathways and can help to break path-dependent behavior. based on our findings, we challenge and extend established knowledge on organizational path dependence with regard to key tenets, such as initial conditions and lock-ins, and provide a nuanced perspective on path dependence's resource- and cognition-based foundations. 28. title: a model of the editorial process in academic journals authors: onur bayar, thomas j. chemmanur abstract: editors of academic journals make their acceptance or rejection decisions about submitted papers based on their own prior assessment of the intrinsic quality of these papers augmented by the information in reviewer recommendations. in this paper, we theoretically analyze the editorial process of academic journals, and in particular, the editors� extraction of information about intrinsic paper quality from reviewers. we assume that, if a reviewer�s own research is close to the research area of a paper, he is likely to have greater expertise in evaluating that paper (i.e., be an �expert� reviewer) but is also more likely to be positively or negatively biased with respect to it. on the other hand, �generalist� reviewers, whose own research is further away from the research area of the paper, are likely to be unbiased about it; however, their expertise in evaluating the paper is likely to be lower as well. we further argue that the editorial decisions of journals will deviate considerably from the socially optimal rule of accepting good papers and rejecting bad papers if the above potential reviewer biases are not taken into account by editors when choosing reviewers. we show that editors can make better editorial decisions if they choose the appropriate type of reviewer to evaluate a paper (in the one reviewer case) or the appropriate combination of reviewer types (in the two reviewer case), based on their own prior assessment of submitted papers. we also show that, if the editor can aggregate the information contained in multiple reviews efficiently, two reviewers are better than one as long as the cost of using an additional reviewer is moderate; however, two reviewers may be worse than one if the editor adopts ad hoc decision making rules such as requiring both reviewers to recommend acceptance of a paper before the journal can accept it. 29. title: technological improvement rate predictions for all technologies: use of patent data and an extended domain description authors: anuraag singh, giorgio triulzi, christopher l. magee abstract: in this work, we provide predicted yearly performance improvement rates for nearly all definable technologies for the first time. we do this by creating a correspondence of all patents within the us patent system to a set of 1757 technology domains. a technology domain is a body of patented inventions achieving the same technological function using the same knowledge and scientific principles. these domains contain 97.2% of all patents within the entire us patent system. from the identified patent sets, we calculated the average centrality of the patents in each domain to predict their improvement rates, following a patent network-based methodology tested in prior work. they vary from a low of 2% per year for the mechanical skin treatment- hair removal and wrinkles domain to a high of 216% per year for the dynamic information exchange and support systems integrating multiple channels domain, but more that 80% of technologies improve at less than 25% per year. fast improving domains are concentrated in a few technological areas. the domains that show improvement rates greater than the predicted rate for integrated chips, from moore's law, are predominantly based upon software and algorithms. in addition, the rates of improvement were not a strong function of the patent set size. 30. title: hidden software and veiled value creation: illustrations from server software usage authors: raviv murciano-goroff, ran zhuo, shane greenstein abstract: how do you measure the value of a commodity that transacts at a price of zero from an economic standpoint? this study examines the potential for and extent of omission and misattribution in standard approaches to economic accounting with regards to open source software, an unpriced commodity in the digital economy. the study is the first to follow usage and upgrading of unpriced software over a long period of time. it finds evidence that software updates mislead analyses of sources of firm productivity and identifies several mechanisms that create issues for mismeasurement. to illustrate these mechanisms, this study closely examines one asset that plays a critical role in the digital economic activity, web server software. we analyze the largest dataset ever compiled on web server use in the united states and link it to disaggregated information on over 200,000 medium to large organizations in the united states between 2001 and 2018. in our sample, we find that the omission of economic value created by web server software is substantial and that this omission indicates there is over $4.5 billion dollars of mismeasurement of server software across organizations in the united states. this mismeasurement varies by organization age, geography, industry and size. we also find that dynamic behavior, such as improvements of server technology and entry of new products, further exacerbates economic mismeasurement. 31. title: �perspective: promoting and fostering multidisciplinary research in universities� authors: austin arnold, anne cafer, john green, seena haines, ... meagen rosenthal abstract: focus on interdisciplinary research has become necessary for contemporary research endeavors to keep pace with the complex issues facing society. however, the current academic system has not adapted to foster interdisciplinary research among university faculty and researchers. faculty seeking promotion and tenure often experience pressure to complete individual scholarly work to gain appropriate recognition for the promotion and tenure process. this commentary outlines a series of recommendations for faculty, department chairs, centers and institutes, and university administration to promote interdisciplinary research based on experiences with a university initiative intended to foster interdisciplinary research. many of these recommendations, such as increasing communication, are activities that faculty and chairs can implement immediately. other recommendations will take more time and financial investment from universities. the authors hope this commentary helps other institutions innovate efficiently to support interdisciplinary research that can address the growing complexity of problems facing our communities and the world. �nn/ffnċ� 32. title: harnessing public research for innovation in the 21st century: an international assessment of knowledge transfer policies, edited by anthony arundel, suma athreye and sacha wunsch-vincent. cambridge university press (2021), 502 pages. 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