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volume 58, issue 12, september 2021
1. title: housing affordability sets us apart: the effect of rising housing prices on relocation behaviour
authors: tim winke
abstract: life course events such as new offspring or job loss affect a household�s demand for housing. at the same time, dynamics in the real estate market constrain where households find affordable housing. in a quasi-experimental design, this study examines the effect of increasing local housing prices on the relocation behaviour of low- and medium-income households. difference-in-difference panel regressions using propensity score matching show that with rising local rental prices, low-income households are more likely to remain in their current housing and sustain higher levels of housing cost burden. if they move, they relocate further out of the city centre and to neighbourhoods with high unemployment rates. rising housing markets facilitate socio-spatial segregation as middle-income households remain in economically better-off neighbourhoods. the findings highlight the additional costs of increasing housing prices in terms of the misallocation of housing and the spatial concentration of vulnerable households at the outskirts of cities.
2. title: proximity and the evolving knowledge polycentricity of megalopolitan science: evidence from china�s guangdong-hong kong-macao greater bay area, 1990�2016
authors: haitao ma, yingcheng li, xiaodong huang
abstract: despite the two key defining features of megalopolises as incubators and hinges in a globalising knowledge economy, how intercity knowledge flows could shape the polycentric structure of the science system of a megalopolis has only gained popularity in recent years. this study focuses on measuring and explaining the evolving knowledge polycentricity of the science system of china s greater bay area (gba) megalopolis during the 1990 2016 period. our empirical results are generally robust when we adopt different measurement approaches and draw upon different publication databases. overall, the degrees of knowledge polycentricity at different geographical scales have been generally increasing during the study period, though with some fluctuations. in addition, the degree of knowledge polycentricity becomes smaller at higher geographical scales. the mechanisms behind the evolving knowledge polycentricity have been further investigated from the proximity perspective. the increasing geographical proximity, institutional proximity and social proximity between cities within and beyond the gba megalopolis have contributed to the strengthening knowledge polycentricity of its science system at different geographical scales.
3. title: politicising the debate on urban sprawl: the case of the lyon metropolitan region
authors: eric charmes, max rousseau, maryame amarouche
abstract: the fight against urban sprawl has become an international motto for planners. however, recent urban policies promoting �smart growth� and �new urbanism� are the subject of growing criticism from various scientific disciplines. this paper goes beyond the debate for or against sprawl to examine the political and social issues behind anti-sprawl policies. we show how and why urban compaction can be perceived as a burden or a resource, depending on the different sub-metropolitan territories concerned. these issues are discussed in the case of the second largest metropolitan area in france, the region of lyon. the paper analyses how the national legislation on urban sprawl and the �compact city� is implemented in the very diverse territories within lyon�s metropolis and how some of those territories use it to their advantage. it reveals that the resulting compromises are deceptive and raise spatial justice issues. it also shows how compaction or densification are negotiated in the suburbs to preserve the status quo in wealthy municipalities.
4. title: actually existing managerialism: planning, politics and property development in post-1945 britain
authors: alistair kefford
abstract: this article engages a long-established paradigm within urban studies: that of the transition from managerialism to entrepreneurialism in late 20th-century urban governance and the associated process of neoliberalisation. it begins from a fundamental intellectual problem; although we are well served with studies of urban entrepreneurialism and neoliberalism, we know surprisingly little of the detailed workings of the �pre-neoliberal�, managerial era from the 1940s to the 1970s. in the absence of sustained investigation of this period, many chronologies and critiques of urban transformation rest upon a set of assumptions which � as this article shows � are not always accurate. the article focuses upon britain, tracing the installation of a modern planning regime in the 1940s and surveying some key features of the uk urban redevelopment regime as it evolved over the ensuing decades. it shows that much of what is held to be paradigmatic of neoliberal urbanism (public�private partnerships, urban entrepreneurialism, financialisation) was already powerfully present within british urbanism in the earlier, managerial era. i highlight in particular the dramatic post-war rise of the uk property development industry, and the new urban forms and norms it generated, as a key product of the era of urban managerialism in britain. i relate these surprising findings to britain�s distinctive history and political economy but i also advance arguments that are of wider relevance; around the nature and aims of governance from the 1940s to the 1970s, and how we should best conceptualise and explain processes of neoliberalisation.
5. title: gentrification or �? injustice in large-scale residential projects in hanoi
authors: cuz potter, danielle labb�
abstract: large-scale residential developments on expropriated lands in periurban hanoi resemble forms of gentrification seen elsewhere. but is it gentrification? current debate over the definition of gentrification has focused on whether the term has become too broad to be useful in different institutional and spatio-temporal contexts. while some push for a generalisable definition based in capitalist development, others argue that the term harbours western assumptions that fail to usefully explain unique local circumstances. the paper first identifies one such conceptual assumption that must be made explicit since it provides the term�s politicising thrust: displacement generates an experience of social injustice. then, drawing on surveys and interviews with residents as well as interviews with real estate agents, government officials and academics conducted in hanoi between 2013 and 2017, the paper evaluates five types of displacement on the city�s outskirts. because displacement only occurs in marginal cases and generates limited feelings of social injustice, the term �gentrification� is of little use. instead, the paper suggests that in a context of rapid urbanisation and relatively inclusive economic growth such as that of hanoi the terms �livelihood dispossession� and �value grabbing� may better capture the experience of social injustice and are therefore more likely to generate political traction.
6. title: beyond official heritage agendas: the third space of conservation practices in phnom penh, cambodia
authors: gabriel fauveaud, ad�le esposito
abstract: urban heritage conservation has often been portrayed as a practice shaped by �authorised discourses� which are produced by powerful actors including the state, international organisations and experts. but the literature has also paid attention to non-governmental actors who produce �unauthorised heritage discourses� by calling for broader and more diversified heritage interpretations and practices. using the case of phnom penh, the capital of cambodia, we argue that the dichotomy between authorised and unauthorised heritage has produced artificial boundaries between those legacies which have been (or should be) identified as heritage and the multiple remains of the past which nobody has ever attempted to define as such. instead, we argue that multiple authorised discourses, circulating worldwide, generate a pervasive global hierarchy of value which relates to heritage. various actors, including bilateral donors, states� representatives, tycoons, owners and tenants, shape urban tactics which selectively appropriate components of this hierarchy and combine them with socio-political and economic rationalities in order to conserve phnom penh�s urban legacies. taken together, these tactics shape what we name a �third space of heritage hybridity� outside the scope of official agendas.
7. title: upward or downward comparison? migrants� socioeconomic status and subjective wellbeing in chinese cities
authors: yuqi liu, ye liu, yanliu lin
abstract: understanding the mechanism by which internal migrants evaluate their quality of life is essential for understanding the social integration of migrants into chinese cities. a few studies have examined the linkages between internal migrants� objective socioeconomic status and subjective wellbeing in the chinese context, but they assume that migrants compare themselves with either their sending communities or receiving cities when evaluating their working and living conditions. this paper examines the effect of internal migrants� objective socioeconomic status on subjective wellbeing in chinese cities, with a particular focus on the mediating role of perceived living standards relative to multiple reference groups and the differences between first- and second-generation migrants. multi-level structural equation models are used to analyse data from the 2014 china labour-force dynamic survey. results from baseline regressions indicate that migrants� family income is positively associated with their subjective wellbeing in both a direct and an indirect manner, while homeownership in the host city is only related to it in an indirect way. the relationship between family income, homeownership in the host city and subjective wellbeing is significantly mediated by perceived living standards relative to the reference groups of schoolmates, neighbours and local urban residents in the destination city. results from the comparison between two generations of migrants indicate that only family income is positively associated with the subjective wellbeing of first-generation migrants. by contrast, for second-generation migrants, homeownership in the destination city is indirectly related to subjective wellbeing through perceived living standards relative to local urban residents.
8. title: controlling risks in the safe city: the rise of pre-emptive practices in law enforcement, public surveillance and mental health and addiction care (1970�2020)
authors: wim de jong, litska strikwerda
abstract: this article describes pre-emptive practices in law enforcement, public surveillance and mental health and addiction care in the dutch city amersfoort and the netherlands in general between 1970 and 2020. these developments are driven by top-down as well as bottom-up interactions on an urban level. the development of this �preventive gaze�, though intensified by 9/11, has deeper origins in the urban crisis: the struggle against communal crime and the heroin epidemic in circumstances of austerity encouraged a shift from post-hoc repression to prevention of public nuisance. this shift is analysed in light of the concepts of the risk society, the culture of control and the disneyisation of inner cities, and its legal and moral implications are assessed. aiming at unknown future risks, the �precautionary culture� itself risks encroaching on the freedoms of citizens, ultimately making cities less safe.
9. title: agonistic failures: following policy conflicts in berlin�s urban cultural politics
authors: friederike landau
abstract: the paper intervenes in critical policy studies to challenge the �success bias� lingering in public policy accounts of collaborative governance. i suggest conflict, rather than consensus, is a productive resource to navigate collaborations between state and civic stakeholders. by developing a conflict-oriented framework that foregrounds political decisions as always-already failing � regardless of whether promoted as success or failure � i argue that the recognition of nuanced conflicts contributes to new understandings on what counts as success or failure to whom. to substantiate the conflict-oriented framework of policy failure, i present empirical insights into berlin�s urban cultural politics, shedding light on a new funding instrument for artists. unpacking artists� and administrators� understandings about what constitutes a failure, and how to proceed from there, i propose �policyfailing� as ongoing failure. conceptualising failure along the lines of operational conflicts (i.e. concrete, procedural disagreements) and meta conflicts (i.e. overarching, ideological differences), two scenarios of policy failure emerge: absolute policy failure, pointing to unsolvable conflicts between state and civic stakeholders; and agonistic policy failure, referring to wider-ranging disagreements about the purpose of policy issues, which are however transferred into temporary policy solutions. following one such agonistic policy failure in berlin over time, i show how new opportunities for both absolute and agonistic policy failure unfold. ultimately, i outline the practical, political and analytical potential of an agonistic framework to understand policies as inherently contested and, to some degree, always failing.
10. title: human capital divergence and the size distribution of cities: is gibrat�s law obsolete?
authors: daniel broxterman, anthony yezer
abstract: this article studies how the changing geographic distribution of skilled workers in the us affects theoretical models that use gibrat�s law to explain the size distribution of cities. in the empirical literature, a divergence hypothesis holds that college share increases faster in cities where college share is larger, and a growth hypothesis maintains that the rate of city population growth is also directly related to initial college share. examining the divergence hypothesis, the classic test for gibrat s law is shown to be a test for � -convergence. testing shows that there has been absolute, not relative, divergence in human capital since the 1970s. however, the combination of even absolute divergence and the growth hypothesis is shown to violate the condition that a city�s population growth is independent of its size. additional testing finds that the relation between college share and city growth is concave rather than monotonic. these results imply that stochastic growth models can survive the challenge posed by divergence in the distribution of human capital.
11. title: a simple measure of beta-convergence revisited
authors: david gray
abstract: convergence among regions to long-run, non-zero income differentials is predicted by mainstream and alternative spatial theories. a variety of convergence, considered by sala-i-martin, focuses on the rank order over time. as some must be growing faster than others, intra-distributional mobility implies convergence of regions. a measure of this from boyle and mccarthy is the trend in rank concordance. as it is a measure of similarity between a given distribution and other sample periods, we propose that kendall�s criterion ranking coefficient, combined with concordance, provides better insight into intra-distributional mobility and convergence. agreement with a distribution can be traced over a series to highlight the mobility over time. this has the advantage of revealing whether mobility entails converging from, reverting to or converging to an order. although there are phases of sigma-convergence and divergence, what is found in an analysis of regional house prices is that the rank-order is little affected by cycle phase. in trend, the uk price distribution
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12. title: nuclear suburbs: cold war technoscience and the pittsburgh renaissance
authors: don mitchell
abstract: the article reviews the book nuclear suburbs: cold war technoscience and the pittsburgh renaissance by patrick vitale.
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