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volume 58, issue 14, november 2021
1. title: transnational education zones: towards an urban political economy of �education cities�
authors: jana m kleibert, alice bob�e, tim rottleb, marc schulze.
abstract: prevalent notions of �education cities� and �education hubs� are vaguely defined, operate at blurry scales and tend to reproduce promotional language. the article contributes to theorising the geographies and spaces of globalising higher education by developing the concept of transnational education zones. through an urban political economy lens, we review the relations between universities and cities, consider universities� role in the political economy and understand universities as transnational urban actors. we exhaustively map the phenomenon of transnational education zones and empirically analyse cases from four cities (doha, dubai, iskandar and flic en flac) with respect to their embeddedness in state-led projects for the �knowledge economy�, their vision for transnational subject formation and their character as urban zones of exception. the conclusion develops a research agenda for further critical geographic inquiries into the (re)making of cities through the development of transnational spaces of higher education that explores the relations between globalising higher education and material and discursive transformations at the urban scale.
2. title: the politics of recognition and planning practices in diverse neighbourhoods: korean chinese in garibong-dong, seoul
authors: hyunji cho.
abstract: whilst involving diverse local groups in urban policies is a key concern for planners, mechanisms to enable participation are often based on the problematic process of identifying minority groups. this paper concentrates on the concept of recognition when investigating the marginalisation of immigrant groups in local policymaking. it demonstrates that urban policies are sometimes built upon categorisations that reproduce a hierarchical relationship between ethnic groups, and thus inadvertently act as a possible barrier towards ethnic minorities. the findings draw upon qualitative research in garibong-dong, seoul, south korea, a neighbourhood with a significant korean chinese population. i argue that participatory processes need to understand more carefully how the processes of group identification, as practised by planners and state officials, are integral to the transformation of group relations. in turn, this requires loosening ideas about how desirable qualities are identified in potential community participation and rethinking presumptions about ethnic minorities. only then can engagement proceed in more equitable ways within planning systems.
3. title: drivers of convergence: the role of first- and second-nature geography
authors: theodoros arvanitopoulos, vassilis monastiriotis, theodore panagiotidis.
abstract: the analysis of regional convergence often stays at the level of documentation, with limited attention placed on the drivers of convergence/divergence dynamics. this article offers a systematic analysis of this, examining the role of first-nature (location, proximity, physical geography) and second-nature geography (economic structure, agglomeration, economic potential) in accounting for regional synchronicity in growth trajectories (stochastic convergence). utilising historical data for greece at the prefectural level and up-to-date time-series econometric techniques, we test for the presence of stochastic convergence in the country over three decades prior to the crisis; identify the pairs of regions which exhibit co-movement in their growth dynamics; and examine the covariates of this. our results unveil a picture of limited-only and cluster-like convergence, driven predominantly by factors related to accessibility, sectoral specialisations, labour market dynamism, market potential and selected locational characteristics. this supports two propositions: (a) convergence is an endogenous process, related to shared and incongruent characteristics of regions; and, by implication, (b) regional disparities are structural (in the sense that they are linked to economic and spatial structure) and thus require targeted policies in order to be addressed.
4. title: growing public spaces in the city: community gardening and the making of new urban environments of publicness
authors: paul milbourne.
abstract: the demise of public space in cities across the global north has received considerable scrutiny from urban scholars in recent years, with accounts of the loss, privatisation and increased regulation of public space prevalent within the academic literature. this paper seeks to complicate these dominant narratives of public space transformation by exploring the complexities of existing public spaces and the emergence of new spaces of publicness in the city. it uses a case study of community gardening in mundane and everyday neighbourhood spaces to provide a more nuanced and progressive reading of the relations between publicness and space in the city. drawing on empirical materials from recent research on community gardening projects in 15 cities in australia, canada, the uk and the usa, the paper highlights how community gardening is creating new environments of publicness across public, private and in-between spaces that complicate both the end of public space discourse and conventional understandings of public space within urban studies.
5. title: burglaries and entry controls in gated communities
authors: zengli wang, lin liu, cory haberman, minxuan lan, bo yang, hanlin zhou.
abstract: this article examines whether different levels of entry controls impact burglary rates in gated communities. it differs from the previous studies that only distinguish gated communities from non-gated communities but ignore important variation in different levels of entry controls. a sample of 698 gated communities in a large chinese city are selected for this study. a negative binomial regression model estimates the relationships between entry control levels and burglary rates in gated communities. the test of these relationships accounts for the control of other important explanatory variables, including management fee, building height, building age, housing price, house for sale, rental house and floating population. results indicate that higher entry control levels are associated with significantly lower burglary rates in gated communities. this is the first study that reveals a quantitative relationship between burglary and entry control level in gated communities at the city-wide scale.
6. title: hybrid coordination of city organisations: the rule of people and culture in the shadow of structures
authors: stephan leixnering, renate e meyer, tobias polzer.
abstract: under far-reaching reforms, many cities have delegated core tasks previously delivered by their administrations to independent organisations that they formally own, e.g. municipal companies, or supervise, e.g. municipal trust funds. the coordination of these (as we call them) �domestic� city organisations has proven challenging. extant literature argues that such coordination is achieved through a mix of various hierarchical, market and network mechanisms. yet it is unclear how these modes are combined. addressing this gap, we ask: how do governance modes interact in the hybrid coordination of domestic city organisations? analysing the case of vienna, where 100 domestic organisations employ about 60,000 people, we find that while cultural mechanisms, rooted in the network mode, are predominant, they unfold in the shadow of latent structural mechanisms, which are associated with hierarchy and market. in the background, structural mechanisms keep cultural coordination effective, while cultural mechanisms allow structural coordination to remain (generally) hidden. this study aims to contribute to the literature on the governance of public organisations by exploring the relationship between governance modes as well as furthering urban governance studies by applying insights from studies on the coordination of public organisations to the city context.
7. title: old, small and unwanted: post-war housing and neighbourhood socioeconomic status
authors: lyndsey rolheiser.
abstract: post-war neighbourhoods across the usa have declined in socioeconomic status over the past few decades. over this same time period, the relative status of many of these neighbourhoods has dipped below that of older neighbourhoods. with the characteristics of post-war housing being arguably undesirable by current standards, extant literature claims the functional obsolescence of post-war housing is contributing to low and declining neighbourhood socioeconomic status. what remains unclear is whether the effect observed is due to housing age � post-war housing is vulnerable to physical depreciation given its age � or if there is a true post-war vintage effect influencing neighbourhood socioeconomic status beyond what age alone would predict. using a panel model spanning 1990 to 2010, three main findings emerge. first, the presence of greater shares of post-war housing in neighbourhoods is associated with a small but significant decrease in neighbourhood status. second, this effect varies across and within urban and suburban neighbourhoods. third, there exists substantial heterogeneity in the effect across metropolitan areas that differ by housing supply growth and price. together, these results imply that policymakers should consider the negative effects of functional obsolescence on top of the ills associated with ageing homes within certain spatial contexts.
8. title: light at the end of the tunnel:the impacts of expected major transport improvements on residential property prices
authors: helen xh bao, johan p larsson, vivien wong.
abstract: properties near public transportation systems are usually sold at a premium owing to the willingness of firms and people to pay for access to workplace and leisure. however, the economic impact of major infrastructure investments remains an empirical question plagued by identification issues. we investigate the economic impacts of a major transportation development project currently under construction in hong kong: the tuen mun�chek lap kok tunnel, namely the effects on property prices of the expansion of the regional road network in the greater bay area. we identify a significant accessibility premium well before the tunnel is completed. there is also a change in market structure of increased preference for residential property in areas closer to the tunnel, reflected by higher price appreciation. the findings help guide urban planning and public investment decisions, as well as the design and implementation of land value capture policy.
9. title: urbanising migration policy-making: urban policies in support of irregular migrants in geneva and z�rich
authors: david kaufmann, dominique strebel.
abstract: cities worldwide develop a variety of urban policies that address the precarious situation of irregular migrants. by doing so, cities intervene in a policy-making realm that is commonly perceived as the prerogative of national states and they thereby challenge the national state as the only regulatory body over immigration and citizenship. we compare policy-making in support of irregular migrants in the two biggest swiss cities of geneva and z�rich. whereas genevan authorities and local societal actors established a successful regularisation programme (called operation papyrus), actors in z�rich aim to create an urban id card programme (called z�ri city card). we find that the institutional setting of the two cities (as a city-state or as a city in a state), the presence or absence of multilevel governance networks as well as societal actors� different venue shopping strategies are key for explaining these different urban policy-making processes. cities formulate place-based urban policy responses, but these specific urban policies can be viewed within the global struggles to improve the precarious situations of irregular migrants and to fight exclusionary national politics. in essence, this article documents and explains how cities contest national state sovereignty over immigration and citizenship and it thereby calls for an urbanisation of migration theory and practice.
10. title: thinking through people: the potential of volunteered geographic information for mobility and urban studies
authors: lindsay blair howe.
abstract: despite the �mobility turn� in urban studies, there is surprisingly little research into the role people�s everyday movements play in driving urbanisation processes. as this paper discusses, one reason this has not occurred is because understanding this relationship requires both quantitative and qualitative knowledge, including geospatial locations and patterns as well as why people choose to move the way they do. few studies employ mixed methods to this end; instead, many quantitative approaches focus on the use of big data and many qualitative approaches remain focused on sites themselves rather than the movements between them. this methodological gap can preclude operationalising findings and proves particularly detrimental when research is conducted into areas with high levels of poverty and inequality. in response, this paper presents a mixed-methods approach to studying urbanisation, using volunteered geographic information (vgi) to map regional-scale movements in the gauteng city-region (gcr). exploiting the potential of smartphone technology, this methodology operates at the interstice of quantitative and qualitative research, describing both macro-scale mobility patterns and the micro-scale decisions behind them. using the case study of the gcr, it highlights movement as a strategy for those living in poverty, who can utilise the entire region as a resource to subvert entrenched inequality. �thinking through people� suggests that a new ontology of categories describing urbanisation processes in terms of movement could connect empirical research into poverty and inequality to theory, and be used to create an epistemology of the urban from below. thus, this paper contributes to advances in urban studies methods as well as to debates on urbanisation, relational poverty and socio-spatial inequality.
11. title: suburban (mis)fortunes: outer suburban shrinkage in tokyo metropolis
authors: hiroaki ohashi, nicholas a phelps.
abstract: tokyo�s suburban territory now forms part of an increasing multi-dimensional urban�suburban divide in socio-demographic, economic and political and administrative (fiscal) dimensions. drawing on the tokyo case we argue the need for theory to take more seriously shrinkage in suburban fortunes. specifically, we highlight the double meaning of shrinkage as a complex, multifaceted and path-dependent process and as a municipal-level political and policy response. in this paper we offer a theoretical framework for understanding urban (sub)transformation attuned to japanese conditions and, by extension, other developmental states. we go on to explore the multi-dimensioned isolation of tokyo�s suburbs in terms of metropolitan-wide inter-governmental, inter-sectoral and inter-actor dynamics. in conclusion we observe the need for theory to be inclusive of the range of trajectories of suburbanisation and for politics and policy to adopt redistributive metropolitan spatial imaginaries.
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12. title: making cultures of solidarity: london and the 1984 5 miners strike
authors: jay emery.
abstract: the article reviews the book �making cultures of solidarity: london and the 1984�5 miners� strike� by diarmaid kelliher.
13. title: new workplaces � location patterns, urban effects and development trajectories. a worldwide investigation
authors: mina di marino, th�r�se bajada.
abstract: the article reviews the book �new workplaces � location patterns, urban effects and development trajectories: a worldwide investigation� by ilaria mariotti; stefano di vita; mina akhavan.
14. title: built up: an historical perspective on the contemporary principles and practices of real estate development
authors: richard harris.
abstract: the article reviews the book �built up: an historical perspective on the contemporary principles and practices of real estate development� by patrice derrington.
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