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��ࡱ�>�� r��]bjbj!.!.2�cd�gcd�g�u ��66��8t�$��n��nnnnnnn$ip�sf(n��(n��4=n��n��n��)8d��(��msn0�n�es�les��40es��j8��(n(nh:��n��es��6b�: research policy volume 53, issue 1, january 2024 1. title: externalities and complementarities in platforms and ecosystems: from structural solutions to endogenous failures authors: michael g. jacobides, carmelo cennamo, annabelle gawer abstract: platforms and ecosystems provide structures for constellations of economic actors to engage and interact as they seek to create and capture value. we consider how the constructs of platforms and ecosystems relate and explore why they have become more ubiquitous by focusing on the nature of their value-add. we propose that they emerge as a response to distinct market failures, which we identify, and we explain which specific externalities they help overcome. we also identify post-hoc endogenous functional and distributional failures that platforms and ecosystems, in turn, generate. we discuss implications for theory and practice. 2. title: from product to platform: how incumbents' assumptions and choices shape their platform strategy authors: marc van dyck, dirk l�ttgens, kathleen diener, frank piller, patrick pollok abstract: platform ecosystems have attracted a lot of attention as a new way of value creation and capture. in a longitudinal multi-case study, we compare the transformation efforts of two incumbents in the agricultural equipment industry between 2012 and 2021. we identify a set of interdependent choices incumbents make to adapt their model of value creation and capture toward a platform ecosystem. based on an in-depth comparison, we show that incumbents' assessment of the potential of their product business may lead to distinct platform positioning � the platform as an extension of the legacy business (i.e., product-centric), or a product-independent platform. while our results indicate that both can initiate viable pathways for incumbents in their transition, we find that product-independent and product-centric positioning lead to distinct choice patterns and outcomes at the different levels of the emerging platform ecosystem. 3. title: managing multi-tiered innovation ecosystems authors: andreas reiter, joachim stonig, karolin frankenberger abstract: we study how orchestrators of innovation ecosystems govern their relationships with multiple heterogeneous complementors that differ in their positions and activities that contribute to an integrated value proposition. prior research has focused on ecosystem-wide and complementor-specific governance, each not suited to adequately address the challenges of this context. building on a multiple-case study in the financial services sector, our findings demonstrate that orchestrators create distinctly governed tiers of complementors based on the domains of uncertainty underlying their ecosystem blueprint. the organizational form and coordination mechanisms of these tiers reflect the convergent or explorative role of complementors in the core or the periphery of the blueprint. we contribute to ecosystem governance by introducing complementor tiers as a governance approach that blends elements of ecosystem-wide and complementor-specific governance and by linking governance choices to uncertainty and complementor roles. furthermore, we discuss the potential for future research at the intersection of ecosystem and open innovation governance. 4. title: diffusion to peers in firm-hosted user innovation communities: contributions by professional versus amateur users authors: max mulhuijzen, jeroen p.j. de jong abstract: users can develop innovations that improve or complement a firm's product. to benefit from these, firms may host online user innovation communities (uics) with two purposes: 1. incorporate user innovations into the firm's products, and 2. facilitate the direct diffusion of user innovations to peer users to increase the product's general value. the second of these objectives (antecedents of peer diffusion) is under-investigated. peer diffusion comes with additional challenges: when the hosting firm's innovation experts (e.g., r&d workers) do not pick up the role of continued development, adoption by peers is frustrated�as many user innovators lack the expertise to improve their initial prototypes so that peers can easily adopt. we address this gap by exploring if contributions by professional external users of the hosting firm's product have better peer diffusion rates compared to those of amateur users. we argue that professionals' expertise in design and marketing enables them to improve their initial prototypes, which peers can adopt more easily. next, taking an interactionist perspective, we hypothesize that the relationship between professional user status and peer diffusion is amplified by users' commercial motivation and their central position in the uic's network. we analyze multiple-source data of 614 innovations contributed by 122 users of a firm-hosted uic in 3d printing. we find that contributions by professionals indeed diffuse better, but only at high commercial motivation or favorable network positions (high closeness centrality). to firm-hosted uics, professional users are an important asset advancing the free peer diffusion of user innovations without firm interventions and merit attention when designing uics. 5. title: gender homophily: in-group citation preferences and the gender disadvantage authors: sifan zhou, sen chai, richard b. freeman abstract: based on an extensive sample of articles in the life sciences, we find that gender homophily in forward citations is substantial: compared to men-led articles (i.e., those with men as either the first or last author), women-led articles receive fewer forward citations from subsequent men-led articles and more forward citations from subsequent women-led articles. this occurs across life science fields with varying gender ratios. forward citations flow differentially to papers led by women versus men for a variety of reasons, including the detailed field and scientific concepts covered in the articles, the journals in which they are published, article length, authors' research experience, and the size of the author team. after accounting for this extensive set of factors, we find some forward citations appear to be driven by gender citation homophily � that is, gender alignment between citing and cited authors. this pattern greatly disadvantages women in fields where they are underrepresented, leading to a gender citation gap, compared to more gender-balanced fields, where the gap is shrinking. we also find that articles written by more recent cohorts of scientists are subject to less gender citation homophily than earlier cohorts. investigation into potential pathways by which gender citation homophily operates suggests it stems from gendered specialization in research niches and, to a lesser extent, from gender homophily in professional connections among scientists, as opposed to from direct discrimination against unknown authors based on gender inferred from their names. since gender homophily in citations impedes gender-indifferent knowledge flow in most fields, its adverse impact on science likely includes not only slowing women's careers but also creating a less efficient diffusion of knowledge and recombination of work from earlier papers into newer work. 6. title: do technology standards induce innovation in environmental technologies when coordination is important? authors: myriam gr�goire-zawilski, david popp abstract: a next generation of innovation in enabling and complementary green energy technologies is needed to further accelerate the decarbonization of electricity systems. few studies have investigated the policy determinants of innovation in this sector to glean insights on how governments may support the development and deployment of these technologies. policies that were successful at supporting the first wave of renewables innovation may not be sufficient to produce similar results in the next wave of green innovation since those face higher coordination challenges. using the case of smart grid technology, we investigate the effects of interoperability standards, an instrument that may facilitate coordination through establishing common technological frameworks, on inventive activity. using firm-level analysis, we find that on average standards decrease firms' patenting activity. we further find that this negative effect is driven by firms with high patenting intensity, whereas standards enable the entry of new firms into the field. we further find suggestive evidence that standards improve innovation quality. 7. title: inventor mobility under uncertainty authors: jordan bisset, dirk czarnitzki, thorsten doherr abstract: previous work suggests a general uncertainty surrounding the migration process acts as a barrier to outmigration. in this paper, we argue that this barrier is exacerbated when relative economic policy uncertainty is higher in the target country and mitigated when relatively higher in the origin country. we create an inventor career panel to observe inventor migration between 12 european countries between 1997 and 2012. this allows us to test the premise that a higher relative uncertainty in the origin country raises the probability of inventor outmigration. our results suggest a 1 standard deviation increase in the relative uncertainty of the home country is associated with a near 20% increase in the probability of inventor outmigration. the relationship is highly non-linear, with relative uncertainty values in the top centile leading to an increase of over 70%. the observed effects can be amplified or dampened by inventor specific characteristics, as would be expected given the prior art. 8. title: regional innovation networks & high-growth entrepreneurship authors: michael e. araki, daniel l. bennett, gary a. wagner abstract: we investigate the influence of regional innovation networks (rins) on high-growth entrepreneurship within the framework of the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (kste). while previous studies have separately examined rins' role in knowledge diffusion and the geographical characteristics of high-growth firms, the connection between these two areas remains unexplored. to address this gap, we develop a conceptual model that highlights the positive impact of rins on high-growth entrepreneurship, moderated by regional entrepreneurial capital. using a unique longitudinal dataset at the metropolitan statistical area (msa) level, we employ two-way fixed effects and instrumental variables regressions to analyze the data. our findings support the conceptual model, revealing that robust rins facilitate high-growth entrepreneurship. additionally, we conduct post-hoc exploratory analyses to investigate potential moderating factors, including the influence of the public policy environment. 9. title: forced to innovate? consequences of united states' anti-dumping sanctions on innovations of chinese exporters authors: kenneth g. huang, nan jia, yeyanran ge abstract: this study examines how trade protection, particularly anti-dumping sanctions on foreign exports, impacts innovations developed by affected foreign firms. using data on anti-dumping sanctions levied by the united states (us) government on chinese exports and on domestic patents associated with the sanctioned products developed by chinese firms in china, our difference-in-differences estimates show that such anti-dumping sanctions imposed by the us on chinese products significantly increased the total number of patented innovations produced by the firms exporting from china targeted by the sanctions. this effect is boosted during the pro-innovation national policy period launched by china in 2006. moreover, we ascertain a critical scope condition that targeted exporting firms increase more-substantive innovations, rather than more-marginal ones, that likely increase the value-added of their products. overall, these findings suggest that anti-dumping sanctions could lead to an unintended consequence of prompting targeted exporting firms to enhance their innovations in order to elevate the value-added of their products, thus enabling these firms to escape the price competition of lower value-added products and mitigate the risk of future anti-dumping sanctions. this outcome means that, in an effort to protect lower-end domestic manufacturers, protectionist policies could actually intensify the competition faced by higher-end domestic manufacturers via increasing the innovations of affected foreign firms. these outcomes might not only alter the structure of product-market competition, but also contribute to greater technological competition in the future. 10. title: vice-chancellor narcissism and university performance authors: shee-yee khoo, pietro perotti, thanos verousis, richard watermeyer abstract: universities hold a prominent role in knowledge creation through research and education. in this study, we examine the effects of vc narcissism on university performance. we measure vc narcissism based on the size of the signature, in line with a methodological approach which has been widely used in the recent literature and repeatedly validated in laboratory experiments. we exploit a quasi-natural experiment of vc changes and employ a difference-in-difference research design, which alleviates concerns related to endogeneity and identification bias. we show that the appointment of a highly narcissistic vc leads to an overall deterioration in research and teaching performance and concomitantly league table performance. we further identify excessive financial risk taking and empire-building as possible mechanisms explaining the main results and provide evidence on the moderating role of university governance. our findings are consistent with the view that narcissism is one of the most prominent traits of destructive leadership; they also have practical implications for leadership recruitment and the monitoring of leadership practices in the higher education sector. the results of this study extend prior research in several ways. extant literature on executive leadership and narcissism yields inconclusive findings; this literature has mainly focused on for-profit organisations and has not considered universities. in addition, prior research in higher education on the determinants of university performance has not yet examined the role of leadership personality traits. 11. title: what is the price of a skill? the value of complementarity authors: fabian stephany, ole teutloff abstract: the global workforce is urged to constantly reskill, as technological change favours particular new skills while making others redundant. but which skills are a good investment for workers and firms? as skills are seldomly applied in isolation, we propose that complementarity strongly determines a skill's economic value. for 962 skills, we demonstrate that their value is determined by complementarity � that is, how many different skills, ideally of high value, a competency can be combined with. we show that the value of a skill is relative, as it depends on the skill background of the worker. for most skills, their value is highest when used in combination with skills of a different type. we put our model to the test with a set of skills related to artificial intelligence (ai). we find that ai skills are particularly valuable � increasing worker wages by 21 % on average � because of their strong complementarities and their rising demand in recent years. the model and metrics of our work can inform the policy and practice of digital re-skilling to reduce labour market mismatches. in cooperation with data and education providers, researchers and policy makers should consider using this blueprint to provide learners with personalised skill recommendations that complement their existing capacities and fit their occupational background. 12. title: a new dataset to study a century of innovation in europe and in the us authors: antonin bergeaud, cyril verluise abstract: innovation is an important driver of potential growth but quantitative evidence on the dynamics of innovative activities in the long-run are hardly documented due to the lack of data, especially in europe. in this paper, we introduce patentcity, a novel dataset on the location and nature of patentees from the 19th century using information derived from an automated extraction of relevant information from patent documents published by the german, french, british and us intellectual property offices. this dataset has been constructed with the view of facilitating the exploration of the geography of innovation and includes additional information on citizenship and occupation of inventors. 13. title: knowledge catalysts: the role of generalist incumbents in post-hiring knowledge integration authors: di tong, jeongsik �jay� lee abstract: learning-by-hiring is deemed an important channel through which firms tap into external knowledge, yet recent research shows that, post-hiring, incumbent inventors make only limited use of hiring-brought knowledge. this study suggests the mix of generalists among hiring firm incumbent inventors as an important factor promoting the post-hiring use of hired inventors' pre-hire knowledge by incumbents, especially in entering unexperienced knowledge domains. exploiting a series of u. s. state r&d tax credits policies as an exogenous shock to the composition of hiring firm inventors, we find evidence supportive of our propositions. our study contributes to the learning-by-hiring literature by demonstrating the importance of a hiring firm's human capital composition in facilitating post-hiring knowledge integration. 14. title: the gender gap in phd entrepreneurship: why balancing employment in academia really matters authors: alessandro muscio, giovanna vallanti abstract: we use original data from a questionnaire survey of 9062 individuals enrolled in phd programmes in italy between 2008 and 2014 to conduct an empirical investigation of gender issues in phd entrepreneurship. the analysis focuses on the influence of the gender balance among academics at the parent university, to measure the opportunities available to female students to engage with same-sex role models and the effect of such engagement on female students' attitudes to applied research and entrepreneurship. our evidence shows that there is a gender gap in phd student entrepreneurship and suggests that the gender composition of the academic faculty has a significant impact on female students' attitudes to business-oriented research and its commercialisation, which, in turn, affects their entrepreneurial intention and probability of starting a business. our results indicate that female students' entrepreneurship would benefit from the opportunities offered by a more gender-balanced work environment and reinforces arguments calling for equality in the academic workplace. 15. title: reaching beyond low-hanging fruit: basic research and innovativeness authors: marco ceccagnoli, you-na lee, john p. walsh abstract: in this paper we examine the relationship between basic research and the innovativeness of innovations and how this relationship varies between internally- and externally-sourced innovations. in addition, building on nelson's argument on the economics of basic research, we examine how the relation between basic research and innovativeness is conditioned by whether or not the firm is diversified and whether arguments about basic research and diversification built from nelson (1959) hold for differently-sourced innovations. using data from a large-scale survey of u.s. manufacturing firms, we provide some empirical evidence showing that basic research is associated with more innovative innovations. furthermore, we show that for internally-generated innovations, this relation is moderated by whether or not the firm is diversified, consistent with nelson's argument. however, for externally-sourced innovations, basic research has a direct association with more innovative innovations, consistent with the absorptive capacity argument regarding superior technical evaluation, with the moderation of diversification not observed. the results contribute to a better understanding of the different mechanisms through which basic research is related to the type of innovations commercialized by for-profit firms. 16. title: the material basis of modern technologies. a case study on rare metals authors: george yunxiong li, andrea ascani, simona iammarino abstract: scientific progress in many technologies exploits new materials. the unique properties of a wide range of rare metals (rms) make them key inputs to achieve the functionality of emerging technologies. the speed of technological progress can therefore be influenced by the availability of necessary rm materials. this paper discusses these relations and provides a first exploratory empirical analysis of the link between critical raw materials and frontier technological innovation. by text mining 5,146,615 uspto patents during the period 1976�2015, we explore the dependence of new inventions of 13 key rms, finding that the latter play an increasingly important role as the material basis of modern technologies: in the four decades observed, more than 1/10 patents rely on at least one rm. this dependence increases significantly over time and is particularly high for emerging technologies such as semiconductors, nanotechnology, and green energy. further, we adopt a panel of 5644 technology subgroup-rm pairs to explore the impact of variations in rm supply. the results show that, controlling for science & technology push and demand-pull factors, innovation in rm-based technologies is positively 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