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volume 41, issue 3, march 2012
title: analyzing the evidence of an ipr take-off in china and india
authors: manuel mira godinho; v�tor ferreira
abstract: both china and india have been experiencing a historical take-off in the use of intellectual property rights (ipr). in terms of trademark applications filed with domestic ip offices in 2009, the evidence demonstrates that china now ranks 1st worldwide and india 5th, while for patent filings china ranks 3rd worldwide and india ranks 9th. this performance is remarkable as both china and india experienced negligible demand for ipr protection as recently as two decades ago. the ipr take up trends in these two countries are analyzed in detail, highlighting the structure of patent and trademark demand since 1990. specifically, the available series are broken down and analyzed according to: (i) national versus foreign origin of patents and trademarks; (ii) technological (ipc) and trademark (nice) classes; and (iii) the major individual patent users in each country. the data used refers to applications in the chinese and indian ip offices although the demand from residents of these two countries in both the international and other national systems is also assessed. beyond the existing momentum in ipr registrations by china and india and their capacity to maintain it into the near future, the paper addresses practical questions about the strategies, motives and benefits behind the current trends. in particular, we seek to evaluate the capacity of both china's and india's national innovation systems to internalize the potential returns of this increasing demand for ipr. the insight reached finds that should both china and india sustain their current ipr growth rates, they will be able to catch up with the most advanced economies within the time span of a few decades.
2. title: how does openness affect the importance of incentives for innovation?
authors: xiaolan fu
abstract: when firms open up to external resources for innovation, do internal incentives still matter? this paper investigates the moderating effect of open innovation on the relationship between incentives and innovation using a survey database of british firms. whilst both openness and incentives are positively associated with innovation efficiency, a substitution effect is found between openness and incentives. whilst long-term incentives appear to enhance efficiency to a greater extent than short-term incentives, the substitution effect of openness is stronger regarding long-term incentives.
3. title: knowledge flows in the solar photovoltaic industry: insights from patenting by taiwan, korea, and china
authors: ching-yan wu; john a. mathews
abstract: in this paper we extend work previously undertaken in industries such as semiconductor and flat panel displays to investigate knowledge flows from advanced countries (us, japan and europe) to catch-up follower countries (taiwan, korea and china), this time in the emergent solar photovoltaic industry. the solar photovoltaic industry is of particular interest in that it is poised between exploitation of first generation (crystalline silicon technologies) and new thin film and organic compound technologies, thus providing distinct sources of knowledge flow as measured by patent citations and linkage. for this study, we deploy a new database of 19,105 solar photovoltaic patents taken out by taiwan, korea and china at the uspto over the 24 years 1984�2008, and analyse the knowledge flows revealed in these patents using a set of 12 international patent classification technology categories that we constructed. we demonstrate commonalities in patterns of knowledge flow between solar photovoltaic and earlier industries, but also suggestive differences, such as rising dependence of the catch-up countries on their own intra-national knowledge generation and flow, indicating their shift from imitation to innovation.
4. title: technological innovation capabilities in the thin film transistor-liquid crystal display industries of japan, korea, and taiwan
authors: mei-chih hu
abstract: the study described herein uses us patent and trademark office data to assess variations in technological innovation capabilities, and their influence on market performance, among leading tft-lcd producers in japan, korea, and taiwan. the empirical results suggest that tft-lcd producers in korea and taiwan built innovation capabilities by creating complementary knowledge for japanese firms, whose technologies lead the way in the industry. the results also show that latecomers sought to expand production by selecting certain technological fields, but that they exploited these fields in different ways. specifically, korean conglomerates increased their scale of technology in order to improve their technological positions, while taiwanese producers pursued innovations that strengthened their technological efficiency. while japanese firms led the way in terms of both technology and market share during the 1990s, they then evolved to become merely technological leaders from 2000 onwards. however, japanese firms have since renewed their business strategies to counter the aggressive market expansion of their competitors by strengthening the protection of their intellectual property rights through inter-keiretsu collaborations in technological niches, and by securing leadership in the market in high value-added key components in order to retain more of the profits from their own innovations. four policy imperatives for both technology leading and latecomer countries regarding the development of sustainable industries associated with the industrial cycle and market dynamics are discussed.
5. title: knowledge spillovers and firm performance in the high-technology industrial cluster
authors: yih-luan chyi; yee-man lai; wen-hsien liu
abstract: this paper attempts to empirically investigate the mechanisms underlying growth in hsinchu high-tech clusters. we emphasize knowledge spillovers as one of the potential factors contributing to agglomeration benefits. this paper sheds light on the impact of external and internal spillovers on firm performance in hsinchu high-tech clusters. the empirical results provide supporting evidence that the external r&d spillover is statistically significant in explaining net sales of firms in hsinchu high-tech clusters.
6. title: personal relationships and innovation diffusion in sme networks: a content analysis approach
authors: federica ceci; daniela iubatti
abstract: networks have been hailed as a third organizational form, between markets and hierarchies. one of the main characteristics of networks is the coexistence of different kinds of relationships, personal and professional among these. the presence of multiple types of relationships modifies inter-firm dynamics, creating a space where traditional innovation activities take place in an unusual way. the present paper investigates the role played by personal relationships within networks, addressing the following research questions: how do different types of relationships existing in a network of smes favour the development of economic activities? and do personal relationships play a role in supporting innovative activities? to answer our research questions, we analyzed qualitative data using content analysis methodology. content analysis allows researchers to obtain an objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the manifest content of a communication. based on this analysis, we conclude that the coexistence of personal and professional relationships shapes a unique context that alters the usual dynamics of innovation diffusion.
7. title: do r&d subsidies affect smes� access to external financing?
authors: miguel meuleman; wouter de maeseneire
abstract: many countries spend sizeable sums of public money on r&d grants to alleviate debt and equity gaps for small firms� innovation projects. in making such awards, knowledgeable government officials may certify firms to private financiers. using a unique belgian dataset of 1107 approved requests and a control group of denied requests for a specific type of r&d grant, we examine the impact of subsidies on small firms� access to external equity, short term and long term debt financing. we find that obtaining an r&d subsidy provides a positive signal about sme quality and results in better access to long-term debt.
8. title: multinationality, foreignness and institutional distance in the relation between r&d and productivity
authors: dolores a��n hig�n; miguel manj�n antol�n
abstract: this paper empirically examines to what extent being foreign and part of a multinational affects the endogenous relation between r&d and productivity. our findings indicate that multinationals obtain in general higher r&d returns. also, there is a negative foreignness effect in that domestic-owned multinationals outperform foreign subsidiaries. however, these effects are somehow moderated by the institutional distance between the home and host countries. these results, obtained for a panel of uk firms, are largely consistent with a set of hypotheses derived from the institutional and international business theories.
9. title: scope and patterns of innovation cooperation in spanish service enterprises
authors: alexandre trigo; xavier vence
abstract: examining 2148 innovating service firms from the spanish technological innovation panel 2004, this paper utilizes latent class analysis to appraise the scope of innovation cooperation in services in the spanish economy, in accordance with the growing weight of external information flows throughout innovation processes. the empirical evidence indicates that the nature of the service activity affects both the partner chosen and the cooperation intensity. the results lead to the creation of a typology of cooperation composed of three broad profiles: service firms intensive in techno-scientific cooperation, intensive in interactions with clients and a profile with low intensity in cooperation, called lonely innovators. the probability that a firm belongs to the latter profile is 59%, which makes it reasonable to affirm that innovation cooperation is not a common practice in spanish innovating service enterprises. innovation output variables have been included in order to examine the relationship between patterns of cooperation and innovation performance. the findings also underline the co-existence of different cooperation patterns within the same industry.
10. title: environmental innovation and r&d cooperation: empirical evidence from spanish manufacturing firms
authors: valentina de marchi
abstract: this paper explores the relationship between firms� r&d cooperation strategies and their propensity to introduce environmental innovations.
previous literature has supported that environmental innovations differ from other innovations as far as externalities and drivers of their introduction are concerned, highlighting mainly the importance of regulation to trigger them. using data from the community innovation survey on spanish manufacturing firms (pitec), this paper investigates specificities that affect rather how they are developed, and in particular the higher importance of r&d cooperation with external partners.
the econometric estimations, controlling for selection bias, suggest that environmental innovative firms cooperate on innovation with external partners to a higher extent than other innovative firms. furthermore, cooperation with suppliers, kibs and universities is more relevant than for other innovators, whereas cooperation with clients does not seem to be differentially important. finally, the results bespoke of a substitution effect between cooperation activities and the internal r&d effort.
11. title: a quasi-experimental evaluation of learning in a stakeholder dialogue on bio-energy
authors: eefje cuppen
abstract: dealing with unstructured issues, such as the transition to a sustainable energy system, requires stakeholder participation. a stakeholder dialogue should enhance learning about a problem and its potential solutions. however, not in any form will a stakeholder dialogue be effective. part and parcel to the development of methodologies for stakeholder dialogue is the evaluation of those methodologies. the aim of this paper is to show how a methodology for stakeholder dialogue can be evaluated in terms of learning. this paper suggests three criteria for the evaluation of learning in stakeholder dialogue: (1) an operationalizable definition of the desired effect of dialogue, (2) the inclusion of a reference situation or control condition, and (3) the use of congruent and replicable evaluation methods. q methodology was used in a quasi-experimental design to analyse to what extent learning took place in a stakeholder dialogue on energy options from biomass in the netherlands. it is concluded that the dialogue had a significant effect: the dialogue increased participants� understanding of the diversity of perspectives. this effect is traced back to particular methodological and design elements in the dialogue.
12. title: political instability, pro-business market reforms and their impacts on national systems of innovation
authors: gayle allard; candace a. martinez; christopher williams
abstract: we investigate the impacts of political instability and pro-business market reforms on national systems of innovation (nsi) across a range of developing and developed countries. evidence suggests that national systems of innovation are most likely to flourish in developed, politically stable countries and less likely to prosper in historically unstable countries. while research has shown that pro-business market reforms can be a valuable policy instrument to boost economic development in less developed countries, the extent to which these reforms affect a country's innovativeness has been neglected in the literature. in particular, the degree to which pro-business market reforms may compensate for political instability when it comes to fostering national systems of innovation remains under-researched. our findings support established arguments concerning the strong influence of political instability on inputs to national innovation systems. we find, however, mixed effects for pro-business market reforms. while results indicate a negative direct influence on nsi, they consistently show a strong moderating effect that counterbalances the negative impact of political instability, especially in those developing country environments where science and technology are lagging. these results provide important implications for policymakers as well as for our understanding of emerging and transition economies and national technological capability.
13. title: management innovation through standardization: consultants as standardizers of organizational practice
authors: christopher wright; andrew sturdy; nick wylie
abstract: management innovation and the consultants who promote and support it are both typically associated with the �new�, with departures from the norm and from standard approaches. indeed, standardization is often seen as an impediment to innovation, especially in the current �post-bureaucratic� era. this article challenges such a view, arguing that consultant-led management innovation is often highly standardized. based upon qualitative research into internal consultancy in large business organizations, both standardizing agendas and standardized methods are identified from a range of consultant-led management innovation programs. the analysis then points to some of the structural and cultural features of organizations that lead to managers favouring incremental, standardized approaches to change, even if these are often contested. in conclusion, the article points to the need to consider a range of different dimensions in the relationship between standardization and management innovation.
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