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���k������������������������������������������������������������������������o�����������: research policy
volume 40, issue 3, apr. 2011
1. title: stakeholder interaction within research consortia on emerging technologies: learning how and what?
authors: anneloes roelofsen, wouter p.c. boon, roy r. kloet, jacqueline e.w. broerse
abstract: one of the challenges for public�private r&d collaborations in emerging scientific fields is to actively include the demand side. insight in how to facilitate learning between stakeholders is, however, lacking. in this paper we present an approach to facilitate and analyse learning processes in multi-stakeholder interactions within public�private research consortia working on new science and technologies. the learning processes that took place during dialogue meetings within the framework of the dutch ecogenomics consortium were analysed, including a reflection on the actual effects. the results show that a carefully structured dialogue method facilitates learning between researchers, users and policy-related participants, and that this learning to some extent is anchored within the ecogenomics consortium. at the same time, the results point to the challenges of translating learning into action.
2. title: coordination modes in public funding systems
authors: benedetto lepori
abstract: the aim of this paper is to look at public research funding systems from the perspective of their broader institutional arrangements, in order to observe how these shape the relationships between funding agencies and research actors. accordingly, public funding is considered as a multilevel and multiactor system, where stable patterns are largely generated by the collective interaction among actors (beyond formal rules and structures) and where coordination between actors (especially funding agencies and performers) represents a key for the functionality of the systems. this drives to characterise the main organisational forms of public research funding in terms of their underlying coordination mode and to use this framework to evaluate them against a number of criteria. further, the way how these organisational forms can be combined to yield national-level configurations is discussed, and some of their properties and conditions of functioning are derived from the previous discussion; this also leads to identification of three main configurations of funding systems � the project-based model, the mixed model, the vertically integrated model � which describe the variety of national systems and, to a large extent, underpin current discussion on european research policy.
3. title: growing where you are planted: exogenous firms and the seeding of silicon valley
authors: stephen b. adams
abstract: what are the respective roles of indigenous and exogenous factors in the development of high-tech regions? entrepreneurs and their start-ups have dominated silicon valley's economy in recent decades, but a different dynamic was at work from 1940 to 1965, when the valley emerged as a formidable high-tech region. in key industries (electronics, semiconductors, computers, and aerospace) that defined silicon valley as a high-tech cluster during that period, companies based elsewhere played critical roles in planting the organizations that would � through the innovations they made, the technical talent they attracted, and the start-ups they spun off � help make the valley the world's most admired and emulated high-tech region.
4. title: what determines knowledge sourcing from host locations of overseas r&d operations?: a study of global r&d activities of japanese multinationals
authors: jaeyong song, kazuhiro asakawa, youngeun chu
abstract: what determines knowledge sourcing from host locations of overseas r&d operations? we investigate factors that influence the extent to which overseas r&d laboratories source knowledge from host locations. drawing on both the capabilities perspective and the embeddedness perspective, we have developed a conceptual model and then examined it empirically focusing on overseas r&d labs of japanese multinationals. statistical findings from negative binomial regressions show that both technological capabilities of the lab and external embeddedness in the local scientific and engineering communities matter.
5. title: analysis of sources of innovation, technological innovation capabilities, and performance: an empirical study of hong kong manufacturing industries
authors: richard c.m. yam, william lo, esther p.y. tang, antonio k.w. lau
abstract: the concept of the regional innovation system (ris) has been developed into an important framework for evaluating innovation performance. the study reported in this paper explores the relationship between the ris and the firm's innovation system (fis) according to the basic premise that firms that better utilize sources of information (si) available within their regional innovation system (ris) perform better due effect this has in enhancing the firm's technological innovation capabilities (tics). the different innovation capabilities of a firm are regarded as the key components of the firm's innovation system. the sources of information available within an ris include external sources (ext) and external expert organizations, the latter of which are referred to as knowledge-intensive business services (kibs). this study also explores the dual role of kibs as both sources of and bridges for innovation in the ris. data were obtained through a mailed survey using a self-administered questionnaire. the utilization concept and the dual role of kibs were verified. the results show that externally available information affects all innovation capabilities of the firm, while external expert organizations affect only the firm's r&d and resources allocation capabilities. this study contributes to the ris literature by providing empirical evidence on how firms can interact with the ris by utilizing si to enhance their tics and achieve global competitiveness.
6. title: a framework for analysis of multi-mode interaction among technologies with examples from the history of alternative transport fuels in sweden
authors: bj�rn a. sand�n, karl m. hillman
abstract: the relationship between technologies is a salient feature of the literature on technical change and terms like �dominant design� and �technology lock-in� are part of the standard vocabulary and put competition among technologies in focus. the aim of this paper is to provide an account of the wide range of interaction modes beyond competition that is prevalent in transition processes and to develop a conceptual framework to facilitate more detailed and nuanced descriptions of technology interaction. besides competition, we identify five other basic modes of interaction: symbiosis, neutralism, parasitism, commensalism and amensalism. further, we describe interaction as overlapping value chains. defining a technology as a socio-technical system extending in material, organisational and conceptual dimensions allows for an even more detailed description of interaction. the conceptual framework is tested on and illustrated by a case study of interaction among alternative transport fuels in sweden 1974�2004.
7. title: project risk management and design flexibility: analysing a case and conditions of complementarity
authors: nuno gil, bruce s. tether
abstract: we explore how risk management and design flexibility interplay in major (infrastructure) projects, using the �4.2bn terminal 5 project to expand london's heathrow airport. by juxtaposing these two conceptual frames, we unearth the conditions under which they can be complements for managing the tension between efficiency and effectiveness central to these projects. building design flexibility � through modular or safeguarded integral architectures � increases adaptability to accommodate evolving requirements which is necessary to attain effectiveness. efficiency, in turn, demands risk management to deliver the project �on time, within budget�. we explain variation in the interplay between the two approaches, highlighting the moderating role of the developer's relationship with the customer. strong co-operation, particularly in a stable environment, encourages investments in design flexibility. risk management practices prevail when co-operation breaks down. another insight is that co-location and continuity of key project staff are themselves inadequate conditions to sustain co-operation.
8. title: proactive r&d management and firm growth: a punctuated equilibrium model
authors: ram mudambi, tim swift
abstract: the external environment is characterized by periods of relative stability interspersed with periods of extreme change, implying that high performing firms must practice exploration and exploitation in order to survive and thrive. in this paper, we posit that r&d expenditure volatility indicates the presence of proactive r&d management, and is evidence of a firm moving from exploitation to exploration over time. this is consistent with a punctuated equilibrium model of r&d investment where shocks are induced by reactions to external turbulence. using an unbalanced panel of almost 11,000 firm-years from 1997 to 2006, we show that greater fluctuations in the firm's r&d expenditure over time are associated with higher firm growth. developing a contextual view of the relationship between r&d expenditure volatility and firm growth, we find that this relationship is weaker among firms with higher levels of corporate diversification and negative among smaller firms and those in slow clockspeed industries.
9. title: ownership and firm innovation in a transition economy: evidence from china
authors: suk bong choi, soo hee lee, christopher williams
abstract: we examine innovation performance of firms in a transition economy from an ownership perspective. we focus specifically on the relationship between ownership structures and firm innovation performance. drawing on data from 548 chinese firms we find volume of patent registration to be most strongly influenced by foreign ownership in the firm along with firm affiliation within a business group. the influence of state and institutional ownership on innovation performance is positive but lagged. contrary to expectations, insider ownership leads to lower innovation performance and concentrated ownership has no significant impact. our study has two principal contributions. firstly, we utilize a comprehensive treatment of ownership characteristics, overcoming weakness in previous studies that have used a more narrow focus on ownership type. secondly, we contribute to understanding of how firms in transition economies build �indigenous� capabilities for innovation by drawing attention to the interplay of foreign and domestic control of agents� innovation.
10. title: knowledge spillovers through human mobility across national borders: evidence from zhongguancun science park in china
authors: igor filatotchev, xiaohui liu, jiangyong lu, mike wright
abstract: this paper investigates the impact of returnee entrepreneurs and their knowledge spillovers on innovation in high-tech firms in china. using panel data for 1318 high-tech firms in beijing zhongguancun science park (zsp) we find that returnee entrepreneurs create a significant spillover effect that promotes innovation in other local high-tech firms. the extent of this spillover effect is positively moderated by the non-returnee firm's absorptive capacity approximated by the skill level of employees. multinational enterprises� r&d activities positively affect the innovation intensity of non-returnee firms only when these local firms possess the sufficient level of absorptive capacity. our findings have important implications for policy-makers and practitioners.
11. title: factors associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary research collaboration
authors: frank j. van rijnsoever, laurens k. hessels
abstract: there is a lack of understanding regarding the optimal conditions for interdisciplinary research. this study investigates what characteristics of researchers are associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary research collaborations and what collaborations are most rewarding in different scientific disciplines. our results confirm that female scientists are more engaged in interdisciplinary research collaborations. further, a scientist's years of research experience are positively related with both types of collaboration. work experience in firms or governmental organizations increases the propensity of interdisciplinary collaborations, but decreases that of disciplinary collaborations. disciplinary collaborations occur more frequent in basic disciplines; interdisciplinary collaborations more in strategic disciplines. we also found that in both types of disciplines, disciplinary collaborations contribute more to career development than interdisciplinary collaborations. we conclude with three recommendations for science and innovation policy, while emphasising the need to distinguish between different scientific disciplines.
12. title: mapping the importance of the real world: the validity of connectivity analysis of patent citations networks
authors: david barber�-tom�s, fernando jim�nez-s�ez, itziar castell�-molina
abstract: recent empirical findings have questioned the use of patent citations as a measure. this points to the need of validation of patent citations methodologies, which we address by testing a recent methodology for studying technological evolution, namely connectivity analysis of citation networks. we find connectivity analysis to be a valid tool to identify the reliable knowledge which opens the way to further technological evolution of a surgical prosthesis, the artificial spinal disc. we also illustrate how connectivity analysis represents how this reliable knowledge differs depending on the stage of technological evolution. the corroborated validity of connectivity analysis of patent citations may trigger a renaissance in the use of this kind of patent data.
13. title: academic discipline and risk perception of technologies: an empirical study
authors: ursula weisenfeld, ingrid ott
abstract: this article brings together two areas of research: studies on risk perception of technologies and studies on vocational/career choice. this is an important link since decisions concerning technologies are influenced by decision makers� risk perceptions and these in turn may be related to educational and career paths.
we analyze students of different academic disciplines with regard to their risk perception of four technologies. the aim is to find out whether there is a relationship between area of study (as a precursor of vocational and career choice) and risk perception of technologies regarding health, environment and society. the four technologies under study are renewable energies, genetic engineering, nanotechnology and information and communication technologies (ict). key results are: irrespective of academic discipline risk of genetic engineering on average is rated highest and renewable energies lowest. this holds for all the risks studied (environmental, health, societal risks). on average, students from different academic disciplines differ in their risk perception. factor analyses show that common dimensions of risk are the technologies and not the kind of risk. regression analyses show that the variables influencing perceived risks vary between the technological fields.
14. title: does a different view create something new? the effect of employee diversity on innovation
authors: christian r. �stergaard, bram timmermans, kari kristinsson
abstract: a growing literature is analysing the relation between diversity in the knowledge base and the performance of firms; nevertheless, studies that investigate the impact of employee diversity on innovation are scarce. innovation is an interactive process that often involves communication and interaction among employees in a firm and draws on their different qualities from all levels of the organisation. this paper investigates the relation between employee diversity and innovation in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, and education. the analyses draw on data from a recent innovation survey. this data is merged with a linked employer�employee dataset that allow us to identify the employee composition of each firm. we test the hypothesis that employee diversity is associated with better innovative performance. the econometric analysis reveals a positive relation between diversity in education and gender on the likelihood of introducing an innovation. furthermore, we find a negative effect of age diversity and no significant effect of ethnicity on the firm's likelihood to innovate. in addition, the logistic regression reveals a positive relationship between an open culture towards diversity and innovative performance. we find no support of any curvilinear relation between diversity and innovation.
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