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volume 60, issue 10, august 2023
1. title: defining �metropolitan� poverty: isolation gradients in major us urban areas
authors: scott william hegerty
abstract: as suburban poverty has become more prevalent in recent years, low-income neighbourhoods have emerged outside of many central cities. in many regions, however, there remains a stark divide between the core city and outlying areas. measuring poverty concentrations, therefore, depends on the choice of geographic scale. widespread urban poverty results in low measures of poverty concentration inside core cities, and whether this increases or decreases once suburbs are considered depends on specific regional characteristics. this study calculates �isolation gradients� for the population in poverty in the 50 largest us metropolitan areas (msas), extending from the core city to beyond the msa level. a variety of patterns emerge, including sharp increases in isolation scores outside the city (as in detroit) as well as decreases (for atlanta). an econometric analysis of the ratio of msa-level to core-city isolation scores finds that, controlling for land area and core-city poverty rates, much of the variance is explained by per-capita income and differences in racial segregation. a comparison of gradients in 2000 and 2015�2019 for a subset of cities shows additional patterns of suburban and urban convergence and divergence.
2. title: temporary populations and sociospatial polarisation in the short-term city
authors: barbara brollo, filippo celata
abstract: temporary populations � tourists, temporary stayers, non-resident students � constitute a substantial share of many cities� inhabitants. their implications are normally the object of separate research, about over tourism, studentification, transnational gentrification. when viewed from the perspective of the sociospatial relations those populations have in and with the city, many similarities emerge in their urban practices, socio economic characteristics, locational and housing preferences. the paper aims to contribute to recent attempts to avoid traditional categorisations and investigate jointly how the inflow of temporary inhabitants produces effects at the urban and sub-urban scales. the covid-19 pandemic will then be used as a natural experiment to estimate how they distribute in the city of rome, italy, which is crucial to a better understanding of their impact. temporary populations, we argue, are a very visible source of both hard and soft urban changes, and a major driver of not only neighbourhood change but sociospatial polarisation at the whole city scale. the pandemic also offers an occasion to see how dependent cities are on temporary inhabitants and to reflect upon the ambivalence in how they see those populations as either a gain or a burden, something they struggle to attract or as a source of tensions and opposition.
3. title: the experience economy in uk city centres: a multidimensional and interconnected response to the �death of the high street�?
authors: james t white, james hickie, allison orr, cath jackson, robert richardson
abstract: since the 1990s the uk�s city centre high streets have been losing market share to out-of-town shopping and e-retailing. the shocks of the global financial crisis and covid-19 have hastened this and precipitated widespread store closures. the experience economy is increasingly promoted as a means to avert the �death of the high street�, and this prompts our study of its evolution. an exploration of the literature reveals the experience economy to be an interconnected phenomenon focused on the creation of a memorable event that elicits a sensory response via multi-dimensional innovation and design. using this to guide our empirical work, we undertake a comparative mixed method longitudinal case study of five uk city centres. we initially chart the changing manifestations of experience uses before analysing supporting interviews and observations that reveal three interconnected layers of the experience economy: in-store commercial experiences; leisure and entertainment-orientated adaptations to shopping centres and department stores; and the wider regeneration of the public realm. implications for city centre management are discussed.
4. title: ethnic residential segregation in the city of milan at the interplay between social class, housing and labour market
authors: david consolazio, david benassi, antonio giampiero russo
abstract: this article analyses the spatial distribution of foreigners living in the city of milan, based on data from the civil registry and relying on theories and methods from the residential segregation literature, exploring the dimensions of evenness, exposure, concentration, centralisation and clustering, as well as analysing migrants� over/under-representation in specific areas through maps of their location quotients. despite the low degree of ethnic residential segregation detected, we highlight the presence of persistent dynamics that exclude ethnic minorities from the wealthiest areas of the city. the most relevant case is that of the chinese, clustering in some peripheral areas north of the historic centre, where they have established an enclave economy, often making their residence coincide with their workplace and running commercial activities mostly directed towards their compatriots. the egyptians, constituting the most numerous foreign group in the city, show a completely different settlement pattern, being more integrated into the social tissue and more scattered throughout the city. in the context of a city strongly polarised between a wealthy centre and progressively deprived peripheral belts, the only foreign groups with a marked presence in the city core are those traditionally employed in domestic work, which are however excluded from life in the public places in which they reside. overall, the class dimension seems to prevail over the ethnic in shaping population settlement patterns within the city.
5. title: �we lurk in the hidden places�: the (un)stable spatialisation of roma poverty in romania
authors: ionuc-marian anghel, filip mihai alexandrescu
abstract: this article studies the urban geographies of roma poverty by exploring variations in spatialisation. we draw on sassen s work on expulsions to argue that the spatialisation of poverty does not always result in a �ghetto�. we show instead that the �savage sorting� of winners and losers and the resulting expulsions separate roma into different levels of (housing) market worthiness. however, this sorting is also shaped by a �governance of gypsy urban areas� that enables a partial stabilisation of expulsion outcomes. we flesh out these arguments using interviews and observations collected in several roma ghettos and slum areas from two transylvanian mid-sized cities in romania. our research indicates that the spatialisation of (roma) poverty is the result of disordering and re-ordering processes, that make it more ruthless, but at the same time politically containable.
6. title: the effect of the pandemic on european narratives on smart cities and surveillance
authors: mikobaj biesaga, anna domaradzka, magdalena roszczydska-kurasidska, szymon talaga, andrzej nowak
abstract: this article presents an analysis of european smart city narratives and how they evolved under the pressure of the covid-19 pandemic. we start with joss et al.�s observation that the smart-city discourse is presently in flux, engaged in intensive boundary-work and struggling to gain wider support. we approach this process from the critical perspective of surveillance capitalism, as proposed by zuboff, to highlight the growing privacy concerns related to technological development. our results are based on analysing 184 articles regarding smart-city solutions, published on social media by five european journals between 2017 and 2021. we adopted both human and machine coding processes for qualitative and quantitative analysis of our data. as a result, we identified the main actors and four dominant narratives: regulation of artificial intelligence and facial recognition, technological fight with the climate emergency, contact tracing apps and the potential of 5g technology to boost the digitalisation processes. our analysis shows the growing number of positive narratives underlining the importance of technology in fighting the pandemic and mitigating the climate emergency, but the latter is often mentioned in a tokenistic fashion. right to privacy considerations are central for two out of four discovered topics. we found that the main rationale for the development of surveillance technologies relates to the competitiveness of the eu in the global technological rivalry, while ambitions like increasing societal well-being or safeguarding the transparency of new policies are nearly non-existent.
7. title: precarious and non-precarious work in the informal sector: evidence from south africa
authors: hermanus stephanus geyer
abstract: the research analyses the precarious and non-precarious work practices within the informal sector. labour in the informal sector and in regions without strong labour relations is not uniformly precarious but is categorised by a bimodality of incomes, citizenships and conducts. this creates opportunities for insurgent modes of counter-conduct in the interstices of regulations and social conventions, but has also resulted in exclusive local citizenships and revanchist strategies. from numerous in-depth interviews, the study found that the covid-19 lockdown and economic recession led to a new dialectical relationship between long-term residents and a precariat in-group of non-propertied actors, recent migrants and immigrants in the informal sector. long-term residents with local citizenship aggregated formal and informal incomes and secondary incomes within the household, elevating them out of precariousness, although primarily active in the informal sector. these included strategies of adverse incorporation and revanchist conducts to maintain incomes for non-precarious workers. marginalised precarious workers shifted to modes of counter-conduct, hiding the true nature of the business, evading strict social conventions on local trade and pursuing new inter-ethnic citizenships based on strategic partnerships.
8. title: urban infrastructure patching: citizen-led solutions to infrastructure ruptures
authors: john r bryson, chloe billing, mark tewdwr-jones
abstract: this article explores how citizens respond to ruptures and problems in the places they inhabit by enacting adaptive improvised and incremental urban infrastructure patching. this might relate to citizens deciding to undertake small scale interventions in their communities to develop solutions to problems that are being overlooked by local government; or it might involve a community response to an ongoing systemic place-based problem that formal agencies involved in managing change are not addressing. this paper develops the concept of urban infrastructure patching with reference to conceptual debates and informed by research undertaken in birmingham, uk. drawing upon observations, interviews, and collective art projects, citizen-led urban patching is identified as an important urban intervention process that emerges in response to tensions between professional urban policymakers� ostensive views of a place and the lived experiences of inhabitants. cities are in a continual process of becoming and this includes the impacts of citizen end-user adaptive and incremental patching to maintain and enhance urban social-material environments. two distinct contributions are made. first, citizen-end-user urban patching is based on residents� experiences of perceived or actual ruptures in local urban infrastructure. secondly, patching in response to ruptures is an individual and collective response. as a collective response, the power of numbers can bring about transformational change in places, but such participatory action is often viewed as challenging existing hegemonic power structures associated with representative democracy, whereas citizen-led responses can serve as a useful and parallel activity to urban government if it is legitimised.
9. title: roots and routes in neighbourhoods. length of residence, belonging and public familiarity in berlin, germany
authors: talja blokland, robert vief, daniela kr�ger, henrik schultze
abstract: urban scholars commonly expect that residents show more neighbourhood belonging, the longer they live in an area. an imagery of fixed settlements thus remains dominant in a rapidly changing world. recent research challenged classic assumptions but the alternative of elective belonging hardly differentiated between symbolic and practical neighbourhood use. as belonging is performatively maintained, this differentiation may be needed. what defines residents� belonging in a neighbourhood in digital mobile times? does length of residence alone result in place-based practices, familiarity with other people and ultimately in more belonging? our analyses of survey-data from four berlin neighbourhoods show that length of residence correlates with belonging, but not in a simple linear way. the use of infrastructure and especially public familiarity, which depends on the settlement as specific historical configuration, affect this relationship.
10. title: associations between adolescent mental health and pedestrian- and transit-oriented urban design qualities: evidence from a national-level online canadian survey
authors: adrian buttazzoni, leia minaker
abstract: different types of environment stimuli (e.g. noise, aesthetics) in urban environments are becoming better understood as determinants of the mental health of urban dwellers. research on the impacts of urban exposures, especially those related to urban designs, and their potential impacts on the mental health of adolescents specifically, however, is currently lacking. in this study, we examine the relationships between five pedestrian- and transit-oriented design (ptod) concepts � imageability, enclosure, human scale, transparency and complexity � and adolescent emotional responses to six settings of varied ptod quality, and discuss potential design-related emotional affordances within gibson�s theory of affordances (toa). using an online survey method with videos of each setting, a nationally representative sample of canadian adolescents viewed the videos and indicated responses to six mental health indicators (positive affect, negative affect, calmness, anxiousness, perceived restorativeness and mental demand). adjusted linear mixed models (lmms) were constructed to examine the association between different urban settings and each outcome. results indicated that, generally, as the quality of five ptod concepts increased, as reflected in the scores of the different settings, positive emotional responses tended to increase while negative responses decreased (excluding mental demand). within the frame of the toa, multiple emotional response outcomes were significantly associated with settings high in aggregate ptod quality (e.g. plaza-positive affect: � = 0.116, 95% ci: 0.010 0.222, p = 0.033; bluespace-mental demand: � = "1.634, 95% ci: "1.770 to "1.498, p
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11. title: emergent tokyo: designing the spontaneous city
authors: benjamin bansal
abstract: the article reviews the book emergent tokyo: designing the spontaneous city by jorge almaz�n, joe mcreynolds and naoki saito.
12. title: curtain up: city diplomacy in global migration governance
authors: daniel pejic
abstract: the article reviews the book curtain up: city diplomacy in global migration governance by janina st�rner-siovitz.
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