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��ࡱ�>�� gi����f��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r��<bjbj�v�v2z�<�<�4 ���������������������8\v��il���������i�i�i�i�i�i�iuk��m:�i�������i����4�i����r�����i���i�������� �_[ll��8r�xi�i0�i�1n�f1n��n/1n�4gd���������i�i�����i������������������������������������������������������������������������1n���������� �: research policy volume 40, issue 7, sep. 2011 1. title: christopher freeman: social science entrepreneur authors: jan fagerberg, morten fosaas, martin bell, ben r. martin abstract: this paper focuses on christopher freeman's contributions to the field of innovation studies. first, we consider his role as the creator of various organisational and intellectual frameworks crucial for the field's development, including the main research activities he initiated. next, we examine the publications by freeman that these activities led to. a database of surveys of the innovation literature, assembled from articles in handbooks covering this area, is used to identify the most influential of his writings for this field. in addition, citations to these works in scholarly journals are analysed in order to examine the nature and extent of his influence on other scholars. the final section sums up the evidence regarding freeman's influence on the field's development. a list of freeman's scholarly works is included as appendix b. 2. title: china's innovation policies: evolution, institutional structure, and trajectory authors: feng-chao liu, denis fred simon, yu-tao sun, cong cao abstract: china has transformed itself from a planning to a market-oriented economy over the past three decades and has sustained a fairly long period of rapid economic growth, to which the contributions from innovation in science and technology (s&t) have become increasingly important. then, how have china's innovation policies evolved to reflect the changing and supposedly better understanding of innovation by china's policy makers? the paper tries to answer this question through a quantitative analysis of 287 policies issued by china's central government agencies between 1980 and 2005 and of 79 policies introduced between 2006 and 2008 to implement the medium- and long-term plan for the development of science and technology (2006�2020). china has shifted its s&t and industrial policy-centered innovation strategy and has pursued a series of better coordinated, innovation-oriented economic and technology initiatives that give greater attention to a portfolio of policies that include critical financial, tax, and fiscal measures. there has been a gradual departure from the pattern in which innovation policies are formulated by one single government agency, therefore steering china to a different and probably more promising innovation trajectory. 3. title: do linkages between farmers and academic researchers influence researcher productivity? the mexican case authors: ren� rivera-huerta, gabriela dutr�nit, javier mario ekboir, jos� luis sampedro, alexandre o. vera-cruz abstract: a growing body of literature is focusing on how the collaborations researchers engage in affect their productivity. most authors have focused on linkages among academic researchers, measuring productivity by the number of papers published in isi journals. in contrast, the impact of interactions between academic researchers and the business sector on research productivity has been less analyzed. the aim of this paper is to analyze how broadly defined research productivity (papers, new recommendations and new techniques) in agriculture-related fields is affected by the nature of academy-farmers interactions. this latter was approached through two dimensions: the breadth of linkages and their intensity, measured by the duration, in two different modalities (r&d activities and consultancy). based on original micro data obtained through a survey of researchers working in universities and prcs in agriculture-related fields, we built three models, one per output, to identify the effect of the nature of interactions on research productivity. the models were estimated with a negative binomial distribution using maximum likelihood estimators. we found a positive relationship between interaction with farmers and publishing of papers when interactions are carried out through the r&d modality. we also found that the impact of the nature of interactions on research productivity differs according to the type of research output. the impact is broader in the case of new recommendations than in the other outputs. the production of new recommendations is positively influenced by both the breadth of linkages and their duration through both modalities of interaction (r&d and consultancy). 4. title: shared inventions and the evolution of capabilities: examining the biotechnology industry authors: theodore a. khoury, erin g. pleggenkuhle-miles abstract: do capabilities evolve differently as a function of the firm's unique ties or through the cumulative exposure to specific types of knowledge? we view capability evolution with respect to a firm's accumulation of knowledge-derived assets�patents. this study proposes that capabilities evolve by way of a firm's solo and joint invention experiences, and contends that these capabilities are uniquely shaped by the firm's history of patenting with two specific types of ties, upstream and downstream partners. using a sample of 11,593 patents produced by 256 biotechnology firms from 1985 to 2006, we find that prior joint invention experience diversifies the capabilities of the firm and broadens its strategic options. in uncovering an inverted �u� relationship, we also find that capabilities evolve differently according to the firm's unique joint invention experiences. moreover, firms that continue to engage in more joint invention experiences develop broader capabilities than firms that retreat from this strategy and pursue solo inventions, whereby more specialized capabilities develop. focusing on how r&d strategies impact capability development, our findings extend research on capabilities by accounting for how the path dependent role of shared property rights influences the technological trajectory of the firm. 5. title: commercial science, scientists� values, and university biotechnology research agendas authors: leland l. glenna, rick welsh, david ervin, william b. lacy, dina biscotti abstract: policies designed to promote the commercialization of university science have provoked concern that basic and publicly accessible research may be neglected. commercialization policies have altered traditional institutional incentives and constraints, which raises new questions regarding the influence of scientists� values on university research agendas. our research builds on previous quantitative studies measuring changes in research outcomes and qualitative studies probing differentiation among scientists� value orientations. we developed a nation-wide survey of 912 plant and animal biotechnology scientists at 60 research universities. our analysis reveals that scientists� value orientations on what we classify as �market� and �expert� science affect the amount of industry funding they receive, the proprietary nature of their discoveries, and the percentage of basic science research conducted in their laboratories. we also find that the percentage of industry funding is significantly associated with more applied research. our findings provide insights for science and society theory and suggest that strong incentives for public-science research along with adequate public-research funds to preserve the university's vital role in conducting basic and non-proprietary research are needed to complement private-sector research investments at universities. 6. title: the market value of r&d, patents, and trademarks authors: philipp g. sandner, joern block abstract: this paper investigates the effects of trademarks on the market value of firms. the results show that trademarks have a positive effect on firm value. next, the firms� market values are regressed on indicators of trademark value such as trademark seniorities, the number of oppositions filed, and the number of product and services classes covered. we found that they at least partially reflect trademark value. 7. title: structural modeling of the value of patent authors: jun suzuki abstract: there is a considerable volume of prior research on the relationship between innovation and patents. those research studies reveal that patents contain a great deal of noise, and unless a correction is made in terms of the value of individual patents, a simple count of the number of patents does not constitute a very useful indicator. from research that has been conducted for the purpose of finding such an indicator to show the value of individual patents (that is, research to identify the characteristics of valuable patents), many kinds of value indicators have been proposed. nevertheless, research hitherto has focused primarily on business or private value derived from the possession of patents, and little attention has been paid to value in terms of technical knowledge or social value. in a survey of inventors conducted by rieti in 2007, terminology describing broad concepts was used when questioning inventors about the value of individual patents, and this has provided an excellent opportunity to analyze the multiple factors lying behind the value of patents and how they impact one another. the purpose of this research is to use data from the rieti survey of inventors and structural equation modeling methods to elucidate the relationships between the technological and business value of patents, and the latent factors that influence them. the findings show that a scientific-technological motive for inventors would have a positive effect on both the business and technological value, meanwhile, the monetary or promotion motive would not have any direct effects on the value of a patent. the model also suggests that academic linkage would have a strong positive effect on the technological value but a weak negative effect on the business value. furthermore, these relationships differ more markedly according to technological field. 8. title: an empirical study on the determinants of essential patent claims in compatibility standards authors: rudi bekkers, ren� bongard, alessandro nuvolari abstract: in the field of compatibility standards, an increasing number of companies claim to own so-called essential patents (i.e. those patents that are indispensable for designing and manufacturing products conforming to the standard). it is widely believed that the ownership of such patents is a very valuable bargaining tool in cross-license negotiations, while for non-producing firms such patents may result in a substantial stream of licensing revenues. in this paper we study the determinants of essential patent claims in compatibility standards. in particular, we assess the role of two main factors: the significance of the technological solution contained in the patent and the involvement of the applicant of the patent in the standardisation process. we examine the case of w-cdma, one of the most successful standards in mobile telecommunications. we compare the patents claimed essential for this standard with a control group of randomly selected, unclaimed patents covering the same time period and technology classes. we find empirical evidence that both factors have significant impact on the probability that a patent is claimed as essential, but the involvement in the standardisation process is a stronger determinant than the technical value (�merit�) of the patent. on the basis of our findings, we offer policy recommendations. 9. title: does patenting help high-tech start-ups? authors: christian helmers, mark rogers abstract: using data on all high- and medium-tech start-ups in the uk in 2000, this paper assesses the effect associated with a firm�s decision to patent on a firm�s subsequent growth between 2001 and 2005. we propose a new approach to addressing well known issues challenging identification of any patent effect: firm heterogeneity, simultaneity between firm performance and patenting, and sample selection. our findings suggest that patentees have higher asset growth than non-patentees of between 8% and 27% per annum. 10. title: venture capital financing and the growth of high-tech start-ups: disentangling treatment from selection effects authors: fabio bertoni, massimo g. colombo, luca grilli abstract: the financial and innovation literature generally claims that venture capital (vc) investments spur the growth of new technology-based firms (ntbfs). however, it has proved difficult so far to separate the �treatment� effect of the vc investment from the �selection� effect attributable to the ability of the vc investor to screen high growth ntbfs. the aim of this work is to test whether vc investments have a positive treatment effect on the growth of employment and sales of ntbfs. for this purpose we consider a 10-year longitudinal data set for 538 italian ntbfs, most of which are privately held. the sample includes both vc-backed and non-vc-backed firms. we estimate gibrat-law-type dynamic panel-data models augmented with time-varying variables that capture the vc status of firms. to control for the endogeneity of vc investments we use several gmm estimators. the econometric results strongly support the view that vc investments positively influence firm growth. the treatment effect of vc investments is of large economic magnitude, especially on growth of employment. most of it is obtained immediately after the first round of vc finance. conversely, the selection effect of vc appears to be negligible in the italian context.     !"$'( -./1:o��̺�������xd\oa3h�?h�?5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo( h��5�cjojqj^jajo(h 2e5�cjojqj^jaj h5�cjojqj^jajo( h�#c5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h�e�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�e�h�e�5�cjojqj^jaj h�e�5�cjojqj^jajo(./0k� c � ��w"#����y�%�����������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gd�?gdu<�gd�"�$a$gd�"�ojkst����    0 9 t u b c k l � � � � 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