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��ࡱ�>�� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r��|bjbj�n�n2���a��a�i �������""������������8���$��pl��������p p p p p p p$r��t<-p9������-p����4fp---������p-�p---����� ҂�������-�o|p0�p- u�r u--�/ u��l��-�����-p-p����p������������������������������������������������������������������������ u���������"q s: public administration review volume 81, issue 6, november/december 2021 1. title: how bureaucratic representation affects public organizational performance: a meta-analysis authors: fangda ding, jiahuan lu, norma m. riccucci abstract: the impact of representative bureaucracy on public organizational performance has received a good deal of attention in public management. however, the literature provides little systematic rationalization about the effects of the individual constructs of representative bureaucracy on organizational performance. this meta-analysis of 648 effect sizes from 80 quantitative studies, closely examines the conditions under which bureaucratic representation affects public organizational performance. the research provides evidence on the relationship between different constructs of representative bureaucracy and organizational performance. this meta-analysis overall advances the theory of representative bureaucracy from several perspectives. it shows that the effects of representative bureaucracy on public organizational performance are positive in general, but that these effects are moderated by several contextual factors. and our finding that the effects of bureaucratic representation on public organizational performance was shaped by demographics and types of representation, levels of bureaucracy, and performance measurements adds to the micro-theory behind individual bureaucratic actions. 2. title: equity in public services: a systematic literature review authors: denita cepiku, marco mastrodascio abstract: since the new administration perspective was introduced by dwight waldo, equity has played a key role in public administration and public policy studies. much research has focused on employment, politics, jurisprudence, voting and many other issues, while neglecting the role of public services. as gross societal inequities in the world still abound, this article aims at mapping the structure of the knowledge on equity in public services as well as the main conceptualizations and determinants of equity. quantitative (bibliometrix) and qualitative (narrative) analyses are combined in the analysis of 145 articles from 69 journals. the greatest concentration areas and main drivers of equity (i.e., representative bureaucracy, administrative burden, horizontal and vertical decentralization, privatization, co-production and performance management) are identified. the review contributes to the advancement of social equity in public administration scholarship and practice by improving the conceptual clarity of the term and by mapping the various literature streams. 3. title: bureaucracy, democracy, and race: the limits of symbolic representation authors: andrea m. headley, james e. wright ii, kenneth j. meier abstract: a bureaucracy that is representative of the public it serves�passive representation�can result in both active representation and symbolic representation. symbolic representation occurs when passive representation improves perceptions of legitimacy and enhances bureaucratic outcomes because the public is more cooperative and more likely to engage in coproduction. we present a new micro-theory of symbolic representation to show that symbolic benefits of passive representation depend on some level of positive treatment by bureaucrats. we then illustrate the utility of this theory with qualitative interviews from two cities with large populations of people of color and high proportions of police officers of color. the results suggest that increasing the demographic representativeness of the bureaucracy may be a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for improving the relationship between the public and the bureaucracy. 4. title: the perceived fairness of active representation: evidence from a survey experiment authors: gregg g. van ryzin abstract: representative bureaucracy has been investigated empirically and debated normatively, but there exists little evidence about how the general public views representative bureaucracy�especially the legitimacy of active representation. using a survey experiment, this article explores people's fairness judgments of active representation in two important social and policy contexts: education and gender, and policing and race. results from an online sample of u.s. adults show that, in the case of education, a female teacher helping a female student was judged to be unfair, with the negative effect mainly coming from the male respondents in the study. in the case of policing, a white officer acting favorably toward a white citizen was judged to be unfair, with the negative effect driven largely by black and hispanic respondents in the study. implications for representative bureaucracy theory and research, as well as policy and practice, are discussed. 5. title: racial discrimination and street-level managers: performance, publicness, and group bias authors: zachary w. oberfield, matthew b. incantalupo abstract: this article broadens our understanding of street-level governance by examining how citizen performance, organizational publicness, and group bias moderate racial discrimination among street-level managers (slms). we examine this topic with an experiment in which we requested enrollment information from public and charter school principals while randomly assigning a putative student's race and ability. as expected, slms discriminated based on race, and positive performance information mitigated this discrimination. surprisingly, negative performance information also reduced discrimination. turning to publicness, we find no evidence that less public organizations (charter schools) exacerbated anti-black discrimination. finally, we show that white slms discriminated against black citizens. however, black slms worked in more administratively difficult settings and, perhaps as a result, responded at lower rates; thus, black citizens were equally likely to receive responses from white and black slms. therefore, improving access to public agencies may require representativeness and support for slms working in challenging organizational environments. 6. title: spillover effects of minority representation on majority bureaucrats� behavioral change authors: danyao li abstract: representative bureaucracy scholarship has rarely examined whether passive representation of minorities changes the behavior of majority bureaucrats. to address this omission, this article explicitly tests the relationship between the two, in the context of traffic law enforcement. using individual-level data over multiple years in washington and south carolina, analyses show that minority representation has spillover effects on decisions made by white officers. they are more likely to treat drivers of color similarly to white drivers, when working on a more racially representative police force. these findings support an underexplored causal mechanism whereby representation improves policy results for historically underprivileged groups, making a theoretical contribution to representative bureaucracy. it also has managerial implications for practitioners who seek to reform future law enforcement for greater racial equity in policing outcomes. 7. title: the cost of representation: insurance status, gender, and cardiac outcomes in emergency department care authors: austin m. mccrea abstract: recent innovations in representative bureaucracy push the theory toward the micro-foundations of who represents and who receives representation. contributing to the micro theory, i draw from street-level bureaucracy which recognizes how certain client characteristics beyond a shared identity may make representation too costly. using data on emergency department visits to florida hospitals, i explore how the impact of physician-patient gender matching on client outcomes is moderated by a patient's insurance status. while emergency departments offer universal, public access, services performed on publicly insured and uninsured individuals are reimbursed at a lower rate than the privately insured. these features present an opportunity to test how responsive representation is to different client costs and benefits. the findings suggest that public insurance status is not a barrier for women's representation. however, uninsured women do not see any improvement in outcomes when receiving representation. 8. title: pandemic planning in the united states: an examination of covid-19 data authors: charles e. menifield, cal clark abstract: in the early months of 2020, news spread that a coronavirus (covid-19) had been detected in wuhan, china. the virus quickly spread across the country and to other continents. as deaths mounted in the united states, evidence indicated that some states experienced a higher rate of covid-19 deaths than other states and that african american communities were hit harder by the virus than other racial groups. hence, we pose two questions in this research: are covid-19 deaths spread equally across different states and regions of the united states? secondly, are african americans more likely to die from covid-19 than other racial groups? using data from the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) and apm research lab, we show that some states witnessed significant loss of life due to the virus and that african americans were more likely to die from the virus when compared with white residents. 9. title: the relevance and operations of political trust in the covid-19 pandemic authors: scott e. robinson, joseph t. ripberger, kuhika gupta, jennifer a. ross, andrew s. fox, hank c. jenkins-smith, carol l. silva abstract: as the united states is at historic lows of trust in government, various agencies are seeking to convince members of the public to take key protective actions and to support novel policy actions intended to reduce the spread of covid-19. this article assesses the status of trust in key organizations relevant to pandemic information based on a national survey of residents of the united states. first, the article illustrates the variations in trust placed in various agencies�local to global agencies and governmental and private sector organizations. second, the analysis reveals considerable variances in trust in specific organizations based on party identification. finally, the results indicate that trust is important as it is related to the intention to adopt personal protective actions and support for key public policies. 10. title: how well do they manage a crisis? the government's effectiveness during the covid-19 pandemic authors: shlomo mizrahi, eran vigoda-gadot, nissim cohen abstract: the covid-19 pandemic clearly highlighted the importance of effective crisis management and its relationship with citizens� willingness to cooperate with the government in such turbulent times. we develop a theory and hypotheses about the impact of citizens' experiences on their perceptions of the government's effectiveness during times of crisis. we do so with data collected at two points in time: in late march 2020 during the first peak of the covid-19 crisis in israel, and in october 2020 when israel was exiting from a second lockdown. the findings demonstrate that during crises citizens focus on the short term and seek immediate results in terms of readiness and preparedness. during such times, the government's responsiveness and transparency, as well as the public's participation in decisions, seem even more important than their trust in the government. implications and practical recommendations follow. 11. title: the effect of health and economic costs on governments� policy responses to covid-19 crisis under incomplete information authors: germ� bel, �scar gasulla, ferran a. mazaira-font abstract: the covid-19 pandemic has become an unprecedented health, economic, and social crisis. the present study has built a theoretical model and used it to develop an empirical strategy, analyzing the drivers of policy-response agility during the outbreak. our empirical results show that national policy responses were delayed, both by government expectations of the healthcare system capacity and by expectations that any hard measures used to manage the crisis would entail severe economic costs. with decision-making based on incomplete information, the agility of national policy responses increased as knowledge increased and uncertainty decreased in relation to the epidemic's evolution and the policy responses of other countries. 12. title: �it was actually pretty easy�: covid-19 compliance cost reductions in the wic program authors: carolyn barnes, sarah petry abstract: in recent years, scholars have examined the barriers to accessing public assistance benefits. research identifies learning, compliance, and psychological costs as deterring program use. compliance costs reflect the burdens of following program rules, which may entail providing documentation, responding to discretionary demands of bureaucrats, or attending appointments to maintain benefits. studies identify one element of compliance costs�quarterly appointments�as a barrier to continued wic participation. this article draws on 44 in-depth qualitative interviews with participants in the special supplemental nutrition assistance program for women, infants, and children (wic). we examine how wic participants perceive the reduction of compliance costs following the implementation of remote appointments in response to the covid-19 pandemic. wic participants report satisfaction with remote appointments and a reduction in the compliance costs of accessing and maintaining benefits. we conclude by recommending longer term changes to policy and practices to increase access and continuity in wic receipt. 13. title: policy design for covid-19: worldwide evidence on the efficacies of early mask mandates and other policy interventions authors: brian y. an, simon porcher, shui-yan tang, eunji emily kim abstract: to understand the extent to which a policy instrument�s early adoption is crucial in crisis management, we leverage unique worldwide data that record the daily evolution of policy mandate adoptions and covid-19 infection and mortality rates. the analysis shows that the mask mandate is consistently associated with lower infection rates in the short term, and its early adoption boosts the long-term efficacy. by contrast, the other five policy instruments�domestic lockdowns, international travel bans, mass gathering bans, and restaurant and school closures�show weaker efficacy. governments prepared for a public health crisis with stronger resilience or capacity and those with stronger collectivist cultures were quicker to adopt nationwide mask mandates. from a policy design perspective, policymakers must avoid overreacting with less effective instruments and underreacting with more effective ones during uncertain times, especially when interventions differ in efficacy and cost. 14. title: exposing the unfinished business of building public administration in late democracies: lessons from the covid-19 response in brazil authors: jose a. puppim de oliveira, evan m. berman abstract: the covid-19 pandemic has exposed fundamental flaws in the design of public administration in late democracies. while much writing to date focuses on the initial and vital responses to covid-19, the magnitude of this event also furthers insights into the risks of incomplete institutional designs and practices, such as the case of brazil, an example of the administrative flaws in late democracies. this article is not a critique of responses to covid-19 per se, but an examination of these considering democratization processes that include state-building and the need for another push in administrative and political reforms. shortcomings in state-building, which existed before covid-19, inflict heavy costs on society and, if left unaddressed, add to the costs of future disasters and unraveling of support for state and democratic institutions. 15. title: navigating complexity in a global pandemic: the effects of covid-19 on children and young people with disability and their families in australia authors: sophie yates, helen dickinson abstract: while coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) does not discriminate against particular groups, our social structures and systems mean some people are more at risk in a pandemic context�from both the disease and the social and policy responses to the pandemic. this is particularly so for people with disability, in part because they often have poorer health outcomes from underlying conditions but also due to discrimination and social exclusion. here, we draw from a survey about the impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on australian children and young people with disability and their families. respondents faced a range of inequities prior to the pandemic, and covid-19 has further exposed and often exacerbated them. we conclude that recent developments in the australian disability context to personalize services have arguably made people with disability and their families less safe within a pandemic context, and we outline some ways in which these issues might be addressed. 16. title: u.s. immigrant integration policy in light of the covid-19 pandemic authors: saltanat liebert abstract: the covid-19 pandemic has highlighted a critical shortage of medical personnel in the united states. yet, there is an untapped pool of an estimated 263,000 immigrant physicians, nurses, and health-care technicians who are not using their training in the united states. this essay provides a brief explanation of the factors that result in underutilization of immigrants' skills. connecting theory with practice, it then proposes potential policy solutions to the shortage of medical personnel through strategic immigration initiatives. �n n/ffnċ� 17. title: massey, andrew, a research agenda for public administration (northampton, ma: edward elgar, 2019). 256 pp. $135 (hardcover), isbn: 9781788117241. authors: heather rimes abstract: the article reviews the book  a research agenda for public administration� by andrew massey. 18. title: ash carter, inside the five-sided box: lessons from a lifetime of leadership in the pentagon (new york: dutton, 2019). 463 pp. $30.00 (hardcover) isbn: 978-1524743918. peter levine, defense management reform: how to make the pentagon work better and cost less (stanford, ca. stanford university press, 2020). $35.00 (paperback), isbn: 978-1503611849 authors: galia cohen, douglas a. brook abstract: the article reviews the book �$&./1beghikt�������ʻʻʩ��wobtf9t2f h.8�h.8�hj�5�ojqj^jo(h.8�h.8�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(hl%�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h.8�h.8�5�cjojqj^jajh.8�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h.8�h.8�5�cjojqj^jajhij��� � � op�������>t ������������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4������ � � � � � � � � � � � mn����ŷ���ك�ue�^u�e�^qchih�l$ojqj^jo(h�ph�pojqj^j h�ph�phvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�ph�p5�ojqj^jh�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(hj�5�ojqjo(hiht4ojqj^jo(hihj�ojqj^jo(h.8�h.8�ojqj^j 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