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��ࡱ�>�� u �r�πbjbj�n�n2��a��a�t ��""��8�le$�>pl��o�o�o�o�o�o�o$�q�`t<�o9��o��4�o{{{��o{��o{{{��r[w��4{�op0>p{�tf�t{{�0�t�ql4��{��o�om.��>p��t��"qs: world development volume 162, issue 2, february 2023 1. title: intellectual property rights protection and trade: an empirical analysis authors: emmanuelle auriol, sara biancini, rodrigo paillacar abstract: the paper proposes an empirical analysis of the determinants of the adoption of intellectual property rights (ipr) and their impact on innovation in manufacturing. the analysis is conducted with panel data covering 112 countries. first we show that ipr protection is u-shaped with respect to a country�s market size and inverse-u-shaped with respect to the aggregated market size of its trade partners. second, reinforcing ipr protection reduces on-the-frontier and inside-the-frontier innovation in developing countries, without necessarily increasing innovation at the global level. 2. title: aid and internal migration in malawi authors: mauro lanati, marco sanfilippo, filippo santi abstract: this paper uses geographically disaggregated data to investigate the role of foreign aid as a pull factor for internal migration in malawi over the period 1998�2008. employing a standard gravity model of migration, we show a positive relationship between the volume of foreign assistance a district receives and the number of immigrants. while aid makes districts more attractive as migrant destinations, there is no evidence of a counterbalancing push factor effect on internal mobility. we also dig deeper into the mechanisms through which foreign aid can shape internal migration decisions. according to our results, the positive welfare effects of foreign assistance manifest themselves not only through a rise in economic opportunities, but also in improved access to public services in recipient districts. 3. title: economics of minority groups: labour-market returns and transmission of indigenous languages in mexico authors: diego de la fuente stevens, panu pelkonen abstract: this study demonstrates a series of links between minority language skills, their economic return, and transmission across generations among indigenous mexican groups. we begin by estimating the differential in employment likelihood and wages between monolinguals of the dominant language (spanish), relative to bilinguals who also know a local minority language. this effect of bilingualism on labour-market outcomes is identified using census and labour survey microdata and a matching procedure that ties individuals closely by ethnicity and socioeconomic cline. this enables us to separate language from ethnicity and reduce the bias driven by unobservable factors, compared to existing research. we find that, for indigenous mexicans, retaining the minority language along with spanish improves employment prospects, overturning earlier results. next, we investigate whether languages that are associated with larger labour-market benefits are also more likely to be passed on from parents to children, using intergenerational microdata. we find this to be the case, even after a rich set of controls on socio-economic environment. the results support a view that even in the absence of institutional support, minority languages may sustain themselves over generations in an ecological niche supported by labour-market specialisation. 4. title: the janus face of stateness: china's development-oriented equity investments in africa authors: ying xia, muyang chen abstract: the post-2008 financial crisis era has witnessed a significant change in the global development landscape. fiscal challenges have led countries that historically provided state-led, gift-like development assistance to adopt a more market-based means of development finance driven by self-interest. this allows us to reconsider the roles of the state and the market in development by focusing on the china-africa development fund (cadfund), china's first official development-oriented investment fund and a subsidiary of the china development bank, the world's largest national development bank. this paper draws from interviews and participant observations involving cadfund, its partners, and project companies in africa to examine how china's official finance mobilizes private investment to facilitate global development. the findings indicate that the state-led equity fund has catalyzed the start-up and expansion of chinese overseas private enterprises by providing otherwise inaccessible equity support and channeling additional state-related resources to empower long-term business development. meanwhile, stateness has created an adverse selection problem, preventing cadfund from choosing the most financially promising projects or withdrawing from the failing ones. the paper sheds light on the potential challenges facing development finance institutions in employing equity investment as a tool for reconciling long-term development objectives and short-term commercial objectives. 5. title: skills training and business outcomes: experimental evidence from liberia authors: ana c. dammert, aisha nansamba abstract: small firms account for a large share of employment in developing countries. a standard approach aimed at improving start-up, survival, and growth entails training the entrepreneur in basic managerial and technical skills. however, recent meta-analyses find that standard business training programs result in modest impacts on the sales and profits of entrepreneurs in developing countries. more recently, there has been a growing interest in studying whether training programs that aim to increase the stock of soft skills associated with successful entrepreneurship can impact business outcomes. this study adds to this line of work by testing the relative effectiveness of providing standard training complemented with interpersonal skills training. targeting about 570 small entrepreneurs in liberia, the main findings show that the combined training does not result in additional gains in profits and sales relative to the standard training. however, training on soft skills seems to reinforce the message given in the traditional training about long-term goals. both training programs have no impact on self-reported customer experiences and satisfaction. 6. title: mining and women�s agency: evidence on acceptance of domestic violence and shared decision-making in india authors: amanda guimbeau, xinde james ji, nidhiya menon, yana van der meulen rodgers abstract: we study the impact of proximity to mineral deposits and active mines on women�s agency in india. identification leverages the plausibly exogenous spatial variation in the occurrence of mineral deposits and mineral types across districts. results indicate that women�s outcomes improve near mines: women have less tolerance of physical violence and they report fewer barriers to accessing healthcare. concomitantly, men�s likelihood of making decisions jointly with spouses increases, and men are less likely to justify domestic violence. these benefits are larger near mines that employ relatively high shares of women. the key mechanism is the sharing of mining royalties with local groups to support investments in vulnerable populations, which contributes to better economic conditions for women. findings imply that mineral mining can bring measurable benefits to women�s agency, especially when profits are invested in improving the welfare of local populations. 7. title: oiling up the field. forced internal displacement and the expansion of palm oil in colombia authors: jaime mill�n-quijano, sebasti�n pulgar�n abstract: widespread analysis of the link between natural resources and conflicts has shown how positive income shocks in agriculture usually reduce violence (opportunity cost effect), while positive shocks in extractive commodities intensify it (rapacity/lootability effect). however, recent works have found cases where positive income shocks in agriculture lead to more violence. we examine the expansion of palm oil in colombia to document another case where higher expected profits in agriculture led to more violence. furthermore, we explore the institutional framework that explains the direction of this effect. using a difference-in-difference strategy, we find that a 1 log point increase in palm oil prices raises the forced internal displacement rate in palm municipalities by 0.42 standard deviations. we show evidence supporting the hypothesis that the need for new lands explained the violence linked to the palm expansion within a framework in which weak property rights and illegal institutions were predominant. likewise, we shed light on how the institutional framework shapes the relationship between income shocks and conflict. 8. title: the aid-nutrition link � does targeted development assistance related to food systems matter? authors: lukas kornher, zaneta kubik, bezawit beyene chichaibelu, maximo torero cullen abstract: in this study, we discuss and examine the relevance of food system related official development assistance (oda) for improving food and nutrition security. we hypothesize that given the relationship between agricultural growth and poverty reduction as well as food and nutrition security, aid attributed to food systems could have a stronger and more immediate impact on food and nutrition security than overall aid. we look at the long-run effects and we apply an instrumental variable approach to address reverse causality. our instrumentation strategy follows the related literature in estimating the supply of aid from the donors� point of view but also uses a dummy variable for the common continental origin of donor and recipient country and the level of diplomatic representation of the donor country as novel zero-stage instruments. we find a statistically significant and economically meaningful contribution of food system related oda to hunger and malnutrition reduction since 2000. this has important implications for donor countries, particularly those that focus on the fight against hunger in their development cooperation strategies. 9. title: democracy, rural inequality, and education spending authors: david samuels, thomas r. vargas abstract: much research suggests democracies invest more in human capital formation than dictatorships. in particular, scholars have suggested that democracies outspend autocracies on education, due to electoral and interest group pressures. however, some democracies spend no more on education - and some spend much less - than autocracies. what explains this variation within democracies? the answer is the influence of landed agricultural elites. urban industrial elites support human capital investment because it leads to higher rates of return even if wages increase. yet greater education spending encourages out-migration from the countryside, reducing the supply and increasing the price of agricultural labor. given the differential impact of education spending across economic sectors, the effect of democracy on education spending may be conditional on the power of landed elites. we test this argument in two ways. first, we run a series of time series cross-sectional regressions on data from 107 countries for the period 1970 to 2000. second, we conduct a difference-in-difference analysis, comparing countries that democratize at high versus low levels of land inequality, for 73 countries for the same time period. results confirm a negative relationship between the power of landed elites and investment in public education under democracy, adding important and novel insight into the sources of differences in public-goods spending and human capital investment both within across political regimes. 10. title: the labor market integration of syrian refugees in turkey authors: murat demirci, murat g�ray k1rdar abstract: although turkey hosts the largest population of refugees globally, we know little about their labor-market outcomes at the national level. this study uses the 2018 round of the turkey demographic and health survey, which includes a representative sample of syrian refugees for the first time, to examine refugee labor-market integration. the findings show a much smaller native�refugee gap in men�s employment in turkey (favoring natives) than that reported for most developed countries. moreover, the employment rate for refugee men peaks quite early, one year after arrival, and remains at the same level. by contrast, the employment rate for refugee women is initially lower and does not change much over time. once demographic and educational differences are accounted for, the native�refugee gap in men�s (women�s) paid employment falls to 4.7 (4.0) percentage points (pp). these small gaps conceal the fact that formal-employment rates are much lower among refugees. even when covariate differences are accounted for, the formal-employment rate for refugee men is 58 pp lower than the rate for native men. in addition, the smallest native�refugee employment gaps are in manufacturing for men and agriculture for women. the gap is also much smaller in wage employment than in self-employment or unpaid family work. finally, significant heterogeneity exists across refugee groups. the native�refugee employment gap is wider for older and more-educated groups. once covariates are accounted for, the gap in men�s employment vanishes for refugees whose mother tongue is turkish but persists for refugees whose mother tongue is arabic or kurdish. 11. title: are trade preferences a panacea? the export impact of the african growth and opportunity act authors: ana m. fernandes, alejandro forero, hibret maemir, aaditya mattoo abstract: does �infant industry� preferential access durably boost exports? using country-product-year data for 1992�2017 and triple-differences regressions, we show that the african growth and opportunity act (agoa) enhanced apparel exports of african countries on average. but the impact leveled off after the multi-fiber arrangement unleashed competition from asian countries. furthermore, the positive average impact masks regional heterogeneity: east africa�s late-bloomers offset southern africa�s boom-bust pattern. overall, we find little evidence that preferences durably boosted exports. 12. title: relating risk preferences and risk perceptions over different agricultural risk domains: insights from ethiopia authors: ashenafi duguma feyisa, miet maertens, yann de mey abstract: households in developing countries are exposed to various shocks and risks, which leaves them vulnerable as they typically have limited resources to cope with them. even though a large body of development literature has focused on the role of risk in rural livelihoods, the focus is often on single sources of risk and taking a unidimensional view on risk preference. this paper explores the diversity in risk perception and risk preferences of ethiopian households by combining incentivized field experiments with detailed primary household survey data. we disentangle the relationship between risk perception and risk preferences using an innovative combination of time framing and instrumental variable estimation approaches. we find that our respondents are exposed to multiple past shocks and perceive multiple sources of future threats across different agricultural risk domains. our respondents can be characterized as relatively risk-averse and loss-averse, and they also overweight unlikely extreme outcomes. we find a statistically significant association between the prospect theory risk preferences parameters�risk aversion, loss aversion, and probability weighting�and overall risk perception, domain-specific risk perceptions (except for the personal domain) and the impact dimension of future risk. our findings make an important contribution to our understanding of farm households� risk behavior, and can guide prioritizing development efforts to stimulate better informed and well-targeted risk management policy interventions. 13. title: does information about citizen participation initiatives increase political trust? authors: martin ardanaz, susana ot�lvaro-ram�rez, carlos scartascini abstract: participatory programs can reduce the informational and power asymmetries that engender mistrust. these programs, however, cannot include every citizen. hence, it is important to evaluate if providing information about those programs could affect trust among those who do not participate. we assess the effect of an informational campaign about these programs in the context of a survey experiment conducted in the city of buenos aires, argentina. results show that providing detailed information about citizen involvement and outputs of a participatory budget initiative marginally shapes voters� assessments of government performance and political trust. in particular, it increases voters� perceptions about the benevolence and honesty of the government. effects are larger for individuals with ex ante more negative views about the local government�s quality and they differ according to the respondents� interpersonal trust and their beliefs about the ability of their communities to solve the type of collective-action problems that the program seeks to address. this article complements the literature that has examined the effects of participatory interventions on trust, and the literature that evaluates the role of information. the results in the article suggest that participatory budget programs could directly affect budget allocations and trust for those who participate, and those that are well-disseminated could also affect trust in the broader population. because mistrustful individuals tend to shy away from demanding the government public goods that increase overall welfare, well-disseminated participatory budget programs could affect budget allocations directly and through their effect on trust. 14. title: voluntary audits: experimental evidence on a new approach to monitoring front-line bureaucrats authors: ana l. de la o, lucas i. gonz�lez, rebecca weitz-shapiro abstract: can opportunities for undergoing voluntary oversight improve bureaucratic motivation and effort? drawing on insights from the social sciences, we argue that voluntary oversight increases front-line bureaucrats� sense of autonomy and competence, and may therefore increase their motivation and effort. partnering with a provincial auditing body in argentina, we implement an encouragement design in which school principals are invited to receive a voluntary audit of a publicly funded school meal program. we employ a two-level randomization, in which regions are first randomly assigned to a higher or lower rate of invitations, and then schools within regions are randomly assigned to treatment or control. we find divergent effects of treatment based on the density of treatment; in the group of regions assigned to the lower rate of invitations, school principals assigned to treatment report increased motivation and a decrease in school closings. in contrast, in the group of regions assigned to the higher rate of invitations, we observe the opposite effect. drawing on qualitative fieldwork, we speculate that a higher rate of invitations may generate pressure to accept the invitation and thereby undermine any positive effects of volunteering. our results suggest the promise of voluntary audits as well as the need for further research on the conditions under which voluntary oversight may have differing consequences for bureaucratic effort and motivation. 15. title: do gifts buy votes? evidence from sub-saharan africa and latin america authors: jorge gallego, jenny guardado, leonard wantchekon abstract: vote-buying�or the pre-electoral distribution of private goods in exchange for support at the ballot box�is often blamed for the poor economic performance of many developing countries. by pressuring individuals to vote against their own interest, vote-buying may undermine accountability and the implementation of sound development policies. yet, these effects depend on it leading to electoral outcomes that would not have occurred otherwise. in this paper we use survey data from 17 sub-saharan african elections between 2000 and 2005 and 20 latin american elections between 2005 and 2010 to show that, despite its widespread prevalence, vote-buying has a limited electoral impact on average: in only 11 of 37 elections are gifts-for-votes practices correlated with higher turnout; yet, in only very few elections could have these gifts translated into visible electoral advantages for a particular party. this contrasts with common perceptions about the effectiveness of electoral handouts and the quality of the elections in these regions. 16. title: poverty, social networks, and clientelism authors: nico ravanilla, allen hicken abstract: why are the poor susceptible to clientelism, and what 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