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��ࡱ�>�� df����c��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r�w/bjbj�n�n2@��a��ai' �������""������������8�4-��mlaaaaauuu=m?m?m?m?m?m?m$*o��q<cm�uuuuucm��aa4xmmmmuz�a�a=mmu=mmmma��������f������m)m�m0�mmr�:rmm�/r�5j�uumuuuuucmcmtuuu�muuuu��������������������������������������������������������������������ruuuuuuuuu"q s: world development volume 163, issue 3, march 2023 1. title: migration in libya: a spatial network analysis authors: michele di maio, valerio leone sciabolazza, vasco molini abstract: libya is the african country with the highest proportion of migrants and it is the major migration gateway to europe. since the fall of gaddafi�s regime in 2011, libya has been experiencing a prolonged period of instability and conflict which has also affected migration flows. this paper provides the first analytical study of the networks of irregular migrants toward, within, and from libya since the beginning of the second civil war in 2014. we use longitudinal-geolocalised data on migrants� movements and combine tools taken from spatial statistics and network analysis to reconstruct the network of migrants� international movements towards and from libya, and the network of migrants� internal movements within libya. employing the information obtained from these networks, we map the different migrant routes within the country, we provide evidence that migrants sort into routes according to their nationality, and we show how these routes have evolved over time. moreover, using a separable temporal exponential random graph (sterg) model, we document that migrants are more likely to move towards areas with higher economic opportunities, lower level of conflict intensity, more same country-of-origin migrants, and connecting to multiple routes. our analysis shows how to combine migration data with insights from spatial statistics and network analysis in order to reconstruct migrants� movements. 2. title: price, credit or ambiguity? increasing small-scale irrigation in ethiopia authors: soumya balasubramanya, marie-charlotte buisson, archisman mitra, david stifel abstract: governments in countries in sub-saharan africa (ssa) are keen to expand irrigation to improve food security and are placing particular emphasis on adoption and use of smallholder private groundwater irrigation. yet private irrigation is a multi-stage technology, the adoption of which is affected by fiscal support and extension services offered on different investment stages but also by uncertainties around actions that need to be undertaken in these stages. groundwater-based irrigation in ethiopia presents a case where policy has focused on fiscally easing the purchase of pumps while considerable ambiguity (unquantifiable uncertainty) exists around the outcomes of drilling boreholes (reaching water). in this paper, we examine farmers� willingness to adopt smallholder private irrigation packages in response to lower pump prices following tax breaks, loan availability, and reduction in ambiguities related to borehole drilling, using a discrete choice experiment (dce) in two districts of ethiopia. the results indicate that the provision of loans and reduction in ambiguities related to well drilling have the greatest effect on the probability of farmers adopting irrigation packages. lowering pump prices has the smallest effect. pump-type has a small effect, with energized pumps preferred over manual ones. in exploring heterogeneity in preferences, we find that farmers without irrigated plots and those with greater market access have a greater preference for the provision of loans, while those with greater market access also have greater preferences for reductions in well drilling ambiguities. the results of this choice experiment suggest that reducing ambiguities around well drilling (initial investments) is an essential and cost-effective step toward expanding groundwater-based irrigation in ethiopia. 3. title: gray skies and blue moms: the effect of air pollution on parental life satisfaction authors: ahram han, gi khan ten, shun wang abstract: we show that individuals report lower life satisfaction in response to worsening air quality if young children are present in the household. this observed impact is driven by the subpopulation of mothers, and it attenuates as children grow older. we conclude that mothers� disproportionate responsibility for child-rearing and children�s higher vulnerability to air pollution are the likely channels that mediate the relationship. our findings provide robust evidence on the importance of taking the presence of young children and parental family roles into account when calculating the monetary value of air quality using the life satisfaction approach. 4. title: the burdens of participation: a mixed-methods study of the effects of a nutrition-sensitive agriculture program on women�s time use in malawi authors: amy margolies, elizabeth colantuoni, rosemary morgan, aulo gelli, laura caulfield abstract: development programs often rely on women�s participation. however, there is little evidence of whether development programs that engage women�s unpaid labor � particularly in care work � add to their time burdens. we tested this hypothesis on a nutrition-sensitive agriculture program delivered through community-based preschools in malawi. the mixed-methods study was conducted over one year using data from 1,168 female caregivers from a cluster-randomized control trial. a longitudinal binomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the proportion of time spent caregiving in a 24-hour period (expressed as minutes) at baseline and then separately for each treatment group at 6-months and 1-year post-randomization. in addition, two rounds of 38 qualitative in-depth interviews (n = 76) were conducted with women, men and adolescent girls to explore their perceptions of program activities, time use and gender attitudes. we found that the program quantitatively increased daily caregiving time for participating women by approximately 30 min. however, this effect occurred only during the lean season when preschool scale-up investments increased. qualitatively, program-related tasks were not considered burdensome. moreover, participants saw contributions as important investments in their children�s development. these findings add to limited evidence of the impacts of nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs and early childhood interventions on women�s time use. measuring women�s participation through mixed-method evaluations can aid interpretation to avoid harm and to better understand the tradeoffs of women�s time. 5. title: does environmental regulation increase domestic value-added in exports? an empirical study of cleaner production standards in china authors: chuanwang sun, yanhong zhan, xiang gao abstract: the effectiveness of environmental regulations and foreign trade competitiveness are important concerns for developing countries that face serious environmental degradation and boost economies by participating in the global market. taking the cleaner production standards in china as a case study, this paper investigates the relationship between the environmental regulations and export upgrading from the perspective of the domestic value-added rate (dvar) of exports. we find that cleaner production standards increase chinese enterprises� dvar, and the impact varies with firms�, industrial and regional heterogeneities. mechanism analysis shows that the markup percentage of cost and the total factor productivity enhance the positive effect of cleaner production regulations on enterprises� dvar. moreover, we also find that 43.94% of the promotion of chinese enterprises� dvar is contributed by the resource reallocation effect brought by the cleaner production standards. this study provides empirical evidence that environmental regulations coordinate the development of the ecological environment and the upgrading of chinese exports, which is also of enlightening significance to other developing countries in the transition to a high-quality development path. 6. title: reforming justice under a security crisis: the case of the criminal justice reform in mexico authors: camilo a. cepeda-francese, aurora a. ram�rez-�lvarez abstract: this paper assesses how the adoption of a common-law style model affects crime rates, pretrial detention, and judicial efficiency measures. we do this in the context of mexico, where a judicial reform was fully implemented by 2016, both on the state and federal levels. using a generalized synthetic control group approach (xu, 2017) and municipality-level administrative data for the years 1997�2012, we find that the reform increased the homicide rate and was accompanied by a reduction in the use of pretrial detention for property crimes in the early implementer municipalities. the increase in the homicide rate was, nonetheless, much greater in the municipalities with established organized crime presence, where we also observed a greater reduction in the capacity to effectively prosecute homicides. our results describe the difficulties in implementing this kind of reform in developing countries experiencing security crises. 7. title: income inequality in africa, 1990�2019: measurement, patterns, determinants authors: lucas chancel, denis cogneau, amory gethin, alix myczkowski, anne-sophie robilliard abstract: this article estimates the evolution of income inequality in africa from 1990 to 2019 by combining surveys, tax data, and national accounts. inequality in africa is very high: the regional top 10% income share nears 55%, on par with regions characterized by extreme inequality, such as latin america and india. most of continent-wide income inequality comes from the within-country component rather than from average income differences between countries. inequality is highest in southern africa and lowest in northern and western africa. it remained fairly stable from 1990 to 2019, with the exception of southern africa, where it increased significantly. among historical determinants, this geographical pattern seems to reveal the long shadow of settler colonialism, at least in sub-saharan africa; the spread of islam stands out as another robust correlate. the poor quality of the raw data calls for great caution, in particular when analyzing country-level dynamics.     $%',/1235>lmu��ʻʻʩ��wobtf9thj�5�ojqj^jo(hoho5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h�]5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#hoho5�cjojqj^jajho5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj 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