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��ࡱ�>�� r��bjbj�.�.2��d�g�d�g�| ��66��8��$�gq�� p�p�p�p�p�p�p$-s��uf�p� �p��4q ^��p �p�� s��h@�pq0gq)v�f)vf0)v�rm` �p�p� gq ��)v 6b�: world development volume 175, issue 3, march 2024 1. title: early life determinants of social disparities among young adults: a longitudinal study in vulnerable communities in south africa authors: georg loss, sara naicker, linda richter, g�nther fink abstract: south africa has achieved major poverty reductions in the post-apartheid era, but substantial variations in progress between population groups have been documented, and inequalities between poor black communities and other parts of south africa persist. similarly, life chances and inter-generational mobility vary with proximal early life economic environments. the long-term interrelationships of different aspects of these environments are not well understood. using prospective data from the birth to thirty (bt30) cohort, we assess the relative importance of early life family and neighborhood socioeconomic status (ses) for later life educational attainment and criminality among black children from low-income communities in soweto-johannesburg, south africa. we follow a multi-step nonparametric adjusted regression approach to reduce assumptions about the nature of the relationships between outcomes and exposure variables, and we express interactions as nonlinear marginal effects. our study finds that both childhood home ses and neighborhood ses are predictive of more favorable outcomes later in life. home ses appears generally more predictive of young adulthood outcomes than neighborhood ses, particularly for educational outcomes. girls fare substantially better both in terms of educational attainment and in terms of lower criminal engagement. these pro-female gaps appear to be particularly large in higher ses homes for educational attainment. our findings highlight the critical importance of children�s home environments in general, and particularly for children�s educational attainment. further support for programs to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in the current adult population can likely contribute substantially to reducing inequalities in future generations. 2. title: how do energy-saving policies improve environmental quality: evidence from china�s top 10,000 energy-consuming enterprises program authors: shuai shao, le xu, lili yang, dianfan yu abstract: treating china�s top 10,000 energy-consuming enterprises program (t10000p) as a quasi-natural experiment, this is the first study to investigate the synergistic effects of the representative energy-saving policy on environmental quality at the micro-level. we create a panel data set by matching china�s environmental statistics database, industrial enterprise database, and state intellectual property office database, and employ the difference-in-differences model to identify the policy�s environmental effects and their mechanisms. the results show that the t10000p can effectively lower chemical oxygen demand (cod) and sulfur dioxide (so2) emissions, which still hold after a series of robustness checks, indicating that the policy has a significant synergistic effect on environmental quality improvement. furthermore, compared with small polluters, the t10000p has a higher pollutant emission inhibition effect on large polluters. such a positive environmental impact is confirmed for energy-intensive, large, rather than non-energy-intensive and small enterprises, showing heterogeneous effects across different enterprises. we also find that promoting green technology innovation and environmental compliance are the important channels through which the policy improves environmental quality. therefore, the energy-saving policy can improve environmental quality by setting constrained targets on energy consumption, especially in developing countries. 3. title: one for all and all for one: increasing the adaptive capacity of households and communities through a public work programme authors: antonio scognamillo, marina mastrorillo, adriana ignaciuk abstract: this article uncovers the mechanisms shaping the impact of the public work component of ethiopia�s productive safety net programme (psnp) on beneficiaries and communities� food security and vulnerability to various shocks. using three waves of a national representative household survey, this study provides quantitative evidence on the pathways through which the social protection intervention affects direct beneficiaries and their community peers. the empirical findings show that the psnp beneficiaries are less likely to be food insecure and to experience harvest losses in the aftermath of droughts. notably, the beneficial effects of the programme partially spill over to the direct participants� community peers. this is likely to be due the nature of the public works implemented through the programme, such as the integrated community-based watershed development, including soil and water conservation measures and rangeland management in pastoral areas. additionally, no significant impacts have been found when households self-report stresses unrelated to droughts. our findings are expected to inform the debate on the effectiveness of the psnp and other adaptive social protection programmes. from a policy perspective, they suggest the explicit integration of environmental and climate considerations into the design of social protection interventions targeting poor agricultural households highly vulnerable and exposed to weather shocks. 4. title: how natural resources affect corruption in china authors: ji yeon hong, wenhui yang abstract: this study explores the effect of natural resource production on the corruption of local public officials in china. we introduce a novel, micro-level data set on the production of three major fuel resources in china�oil, natural gas, and coal (2000�2005)�and analyze alongside county-level statistics and individual-level survey data. our analyses show that the effects of resource extraction on corruption vary substantially depending on the type of natural resources exploited. we find that coal production alone is robustly associated with corruption among local public officials in county governments. moreover, citizens in coal-producing areas are more likely to perceive government officials as corrupt. we posit that the coal industry�s regulation-heavy and labor-intensive production process along with smaller firm sizes are the primary sources of this effect. our findings suggest effective tackling of resource-related corruption requires careful attention to the type of resources and their link to local political economy. 5. title: knowledge protects against pollution: the health effects of the cadmium rice event in china authors: xiaohong chen, jinhua zhao, li zhou abstract: the paper studies the effects of news media coverage of the 2013 cadmium rice event in china on consumer health outcomes and avoidance behavior. a difference-in-differences analysis shows that the event caused a 2% decrease in the incidence of joint or muscle pain (jmp), a major health outcome of cadmium pollution, in high-cadmium-pollution regions relative to other regions. individuals with higher income or with more access to traditional tv media or digital media experienced a greater level of jmp reduction. to defend against cadmium pollution, residents in cadmium-polluted regions switched their drinking water from unsafe sources such as surface water to the safe source of deep groundwater and significantly reduced their consumption of rice. our findings demonstrate the importance of information provision as an informal approach to complement formal environmental regulation and the critical role of news media in environmental regulation and public health. 6. title: the politics of tied aid: technology transfer and the maintenance and repair of water infrastructure authors: lazarus jambadu, jochen monstadt, francesca pilo' abstract: in many african countries, international donor funding schemes contribute significantly to financing water infrastructures, especially for constructing new networks and water plants and upgrading existing ones. however, little is known about how these financial arrangements shape infrastructure maintenance and repair. this article explores the politics of tied water aid to show how international donors� technology transfer schemes and their associated funding conditionalities shape water infrastructure maintenance and repair. empirically, this study builds on a qualitative study of the cities of accra (ghana) and dar es salaam (tanzania), where the maintenance and repair of water infrastructures have been a persistent challenge. the article shows that the compulsory adoption of foreign technologies embedded in donors� funding schemes limits local capacity to properly maintain and repair water infrastructure. as maintenance and repair increasingly depend on imported expert knowledge, spare parts, and engineering services, donors� funding schemes undermine effective maintenance and repair in both cities. we argue that to make transferred water technologies work sustainably in recipient countries, funding schemes need to anticipate maintenance and repair by incorporating local capacity building and knowledge transfer to reduce import dependence. 7. title: cofinancing and infrastructure project outcomes in chinese lending and overseas development finance authors: yangsiyu lu, cecilia springer, bjarne steffen abstract: cofinancing from government agencies, development banks, and private actors is acknowledged as an important tool to bridge the infrastructure finance gap in developing countries, but relatively little is known about outcomes for cofinanced projects. to fill this void, we explore the role of cofinancing in shaping chinese lending and overseas development finance for infrastructure projects in terms of implementation outcomes and environmental performance. we examine a sample of 2997 infrastructure projects committed between 2000 and 2017 that were funded by chinese finance, among which 15 percent are cofinanced. our study shows that cofinancing correlates with higher infrastructure project completion rates, as cofinanced projects are 3.3�7.1 percentage points less likely to be cancelled or suspended than non-cofinanced ones. we also find that cofinancing with certain partners suggests specific benefits. cofinancing with partners from the recipient country is associated with more localized implementation, whereas cofinancing with international partners has demonstrated improved environmental performance, with a 2.7 percent lower carbon dioxide emissions intensity and a 0.42 standard deviation decrease in biodiversity risks. the results suggest that cofinancing could be an effective tool to enhance infrastructure project success and achieve greater sustainable performance in chinese lending and overseas development finance. 8. title: is there a virtuous cycle between wages and productivity? turkish experience after the transition to democracy authors: erol taymaz, ebru voyvoda, kamil yilmaz abstract: we analyze the behavior of plant-level real wages and productivity in turkish manufacturing after the transition to democracy in 1987 and test for the direction of the causality between these two variables. the turkish experience is almost an experimental case because successive governments after 1987 let real wages increase rapidly under the pressure of intensifying political competition. real wages in state-owned enterprises increased by nearly 200% from 1988 to 1993, followed by a 130% increase in real wages in private manufacturing. our analysis shows that labor and total factor productivity increased at an unprecedented rate during the same period in response to the exogenous wage hikes. econometric estimates provide strong empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that there is a bi-directional relationship between wages and productivity, and wage increases do not reduce surplus because the increase in productivity (value added per worker) compensates for increasing wages. 9. title: using registry data to assess gender-differentiated land and credit market effects of urban land policy reform: evidence from lesotho authors: daniel ayalew ali, klaus deininger abstract: while well-defined urban property rights to support land and financial markets are widely considered to be essential for economic development, many studies using household-based data to study titling programs� impact yield inconclusive results. we use a 2010�13 titling program in maseru to argue that this may partly be attributable to a failure of using administrative data and the fact that impacts of policy change that affect treatment and control are not identified in a standard difference in differences (did) approach. registry data show significant and sustained changes in quality of service delivery; female land ownership; and volume of registered land sales and mortgages due to the project. econometric analysis supports this and points to significant effects of regulatory reform. we use this as a basis to discuss ways of combining registry and household survey data to better analyze this type of interventions. 10. title: unconditional cash transfers and safe transitions to adulthood in malawi authors: monica lambon-quayefio, amber peterman, sudhanshu handa, adria molotsky, ... annamaria milazzo abstract: as national social safety nets are expanding in africa and globally, evidence on the impact of programs on youth transitions can help guide future investment and program design decisions. this paper examines the effects of malawi�s flagship cash transfer program on safe transitions to adulthood among youth living in households experiencing ultra-poverty. the evaluation was a cluster-randomized control trial implemented over three years using panel data on youth aged 13 to 19 at baseline. household receipt of bi-monthly transfers led to improvements in four out of six outcome domains: 1) education, 2) physical health, 3) emotional wellbeing and mental health, and 4) sexual and reproductive health. there were limited or no impacts on outcomes related to hiv risk and time use. results imply that similar programs in the region may also facilitate safe youth transitions. nonetheless, more intentional gender- and youth-specific designs may have promise for more holistic impacts, and further evidence is needed on longer-term effects. 11. title: socioeconomic conditions and contagion dynamics of the covid-19 pandemic with and without mitigation measures: evidence from 185 countries authors: giorgos galanis, andreas georgiadis abstract: it is well documented that covid-19 contagion and mortality rates differed systematically across countries. less is known, however, on whether these differences could be explained by socioeconomic conditions that may determine both the extent to which individuals voluntarily take protection measures in the absence of non-pharmaceutical interventions (npis) or comply with imposed npis, when these are in place. using data from 185 countries, we examine associations of covid-19 infection and mortality dynamics with socioeconomic conditions, as measured by poverty rates, in periods before and after npis have been imposed. we find that, in the initial period of the pandemic, when no npis were in place, daily growth of covid-19 cases and deaths are positively associated with the share of the population living in poverty, whereas, in the following period, when npis were implemented, these associations turn negative. we argue that these results could be explained by the fact that npis are expected to be more effective in countries with high poverty rates where voluntary physical distancing is low and physical distancing practices are more responsive to imposed measures. 12. title: short- and long-term food insecurity and policy responses in pandemics: panel data evidence from covid-19 in low- and middle-income countries authors: peter hangoma, kusum hachhethu, silvia passeri, ole frithjof norheim, ... ottar m�stad abstract: we leverage unique panel household phone survey data collected by the world food programme (wfp) several months before and 3 years into the covid-19 pandemic in nine low-and middle-income countries to examine whether the covid-19 period was associated with increases in food insecurity. we also combine this data with data from the oxford covid-19 response tracker to examine how lockdown policies and economic support policies to households have affected food consumption. our household level panel models show that the covid-19 period was associated with increases in the proportion of people with insufficient food consumption in seven countries (niger, mali, burkina faso, mozambique, guatemala, syria, and yemen) but not in the other two (cameroon and el-salvador). three years into the pandemic, most of the countries have not recovered from the initial negative impacts that were observed within the first year. the use of coping strategies, such as relying on less preferred food or borrowing to buy food, increased in countries where there was an increase in the proportion of people with insufficient food. country fixed effect models show that strictness of lockdowns was associated with reductions in food consumption while economic support for covid-19 to households was associated with improvements in food consumption. we conclude that food security has not recovered 3 years after the onset of covid-19 and that lockdown policies and other associated generalized effects of the pandemic may be key drivers of food insecurity during pandemics. household own coping strategies may not be sufficient to protect households from deterioration in food insecurity, but economic support interventions, such as cash transfers, may minimize these deteriorations. 13. title: applying the six-dimensional food security framework to examine a fresh fruit and vegetable program implemented by self-help groups during the covid-19 lockdown in india authors: jonathan mockshell, thea nielsen ritter abstract: to alleviate impacts of novel coronavirus lockdowns on food security and agri-food value chains, governments implemented various policy responses, yet there is limited evidence as to their effectiveness to build resilience in food systems and improve food security. one of these programs was implemented by self-help groups (shgs) in odisha, india, linking fresh fruit and vegetable (ffv) producers to consumers. this study integrates the concept of resilience into the six-dimensional food security framework (food availability, access, utilization, and stability, agency, and sustainability) and applies the framework to examine whether a ffv procurement program affected all six dimensions of food security and helped build resilience in food systems. based on qualitative data from semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, the results show that by enabling shgs to fulfill the role of value chain actors prohibited from operating during the lockdown, the program had positive effects on availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability, with mixed effects on agency and sustainability. applying the six-dimensional food security framework allowed us to show that despite some tradeoffs both across and within the dimensions for various actors, overall the program was able to build more resilient food systems. activating preexisting organizations to reestablish fractured value chains can provide a model to replicate in times of crisis, such as pandemics and extreme climate events, when both rural and urban value chain actors can operate only at limited capacity and the public sector is overwhelmed. to accelerate the transformation of food systems towards healthier diets and greater resilience to shocks and crises, we recommend strengthening existing and establishing new organizations to help respond to crises and future shocks. a multifaceted approach will help ensure that the most vulnerable will not be left behind. 14. title: long covid: the evolution of household welfare in developing countries during the pandemic authors: ben brunckhorst, alexandru cojocaru, yeon soo kim, maurice kugler abstract: this study examines household welfare dynamics during the covid-19 pandemic, using harmonized data from over 300 phone surveys in 80 countries during 2020 and 2021, representing more than 2.5 billion people. the analysis traces out the evolution of employment and income across and within countries as restrictions on economic activity were relaxed. we show some groups initially experiencing higher rates of employment loss � including women, informal workers, and those with less education � also recovered jobs at a slower pace. based on panel regressions, changes in policy stringency were associated with unequal employment outcomes. labor market transitions were toward jobs of inferior quality on average, especially for workers with less education. household income dynamics suggest uneven impacts in the intensive margin of employment consistent with these transitions. lower wages were not offset by additional social assistance. taken together, these dynamics may amplify the inequality impacts of the pandemic over the medium to long term. 15. title: not all supply chains are created equal: the linkages between soy local trade relations and development outcomes in brazil authors: tiago n.p. dos reis, mairon g. bastos lima, gabriela russo lopes, patrick meyfroidt abstract: global agricultural trade is a key driver of socioenvironmental transformations in rural areas, including development dynamics. by creating revenue and wealth opportunities, it influences the economic and social relations in a landscape. however, not all landscapes shaped by a given agricultural sector are the same: one variable is how supply chain actors and their embedded networks (including commodity traders, farmers, and input suppliers) develop, maintain, or shift relationship patterns over time. to explore the connections between development and the nature of such trade relationships, particularly between farmers and commodity traders, we take soy as an emblematic example and compare four different municipalities in brazil. the contrasting cases are passo fundo (rs), an old soy-growing area in brazil�s south, in a consolidated agricultural region with relatively persistent relationships between farmers and commodity traders; sorriso (mt), in a more recently occupied agricultural region in the country�s center-west, with relatively low persistence of supply-chain relations; balsas (ma), a place with persistent supply-chain relations in the so-called matopiba agricultural expansion frontier; and bom jesus (pi), also a frontier municipality but having less persistent relations. we build on quantitative assessments of supply-chain stickiness in those four municipalities, which is understood as the persistence of those commercial relationships in contrast to volatility. analyzing qualitative data collected through over 30 field interviews with local actors, we show how soy supply-chain relations significantly differ across places. we distinguish them particularly in terms of lock-in effects on farmers and level of trust. crucially, our findings identify supplier cooperatives as key mediating institutions in the supply chain, counterbalancing the power of commodity traders over farmers. such cooperatives are also associated with more equitable development outcomes. yet, they require high levels of social trust and distribute wealth primarily within the sector, leaving other farmers excluded. 16. title: the impact of urban green business environment on fdi quality and its driving mechanism: evidence from china authors: xiuqing li, liming xiao abstract: the world's leading recipient of foreign direct investment (fdi), china should pay attention to both the volume and quality of fdi as it seeks to integrate more fully into globalization. at this stage of development, establishing an environmentally friendly business environment has become a critical strategy for improving the quality of fdi. so, this paper constructs the index system of the urban green business environment and the measurement of fdi quality to test the driving mechanism of the urban green business environment on fdi quality. the study draws the following conclusions. firstly, the green business environment can significantly enhance fdi quality, and this impact exhibits a positive spatial spillover effect overall. however, regionally, only the eastern region demonstrates a positive spillover effect. secondly, the mechanism test results reveal that public services, financial services, market environment, ecological environment, human resources, and legal environment are the key driving factors of the urban green business environment on fdi quality. moreover, the intermediary effect test establishes that the urban green business environment enhances fdi quality by mitigating risks. thirdly, the heterogeneity test results indicate that the green business environment can enhance fdi quality for cities with varying income and pollution levels. the research results provide a new perspective for improving fdi quality and optimizing the green business environment. they hold significant implications for enlightening the coordinated development of the urban green business environment and fdi quality in different regions, as well as for maximizing the influence of the green business environment on fdi quality. 17. title: contested firewood collection in burkina faso: governance, perceptions, and practices authors: jenny friman abstract: this qualitative study explores how forest governance is perceived and embodied in everyday firewood practices in two rural villages in burkina faso. the study specifically looks into women�s and forest guard�s perceptions of firewood collection, access to wood, and the state regulations in place. such exploration is helpful for showing how women who rely on firewood for their livelihoods respond to and perceive regulations, the synthesizing efforts, and the environmental impacts of firewood collection. to situate the interrelations of forest institutions, perceptions, and practices, the study draws on a critical institutional and feminist political ecology approach. such an approach sheds light on how firewood governance in burkina faso excludes women from deciding over a resource they rely on for everyday life. moreover, the approach helped illuminate how management by control, monitoring, and sensitizing efforts have a questionable impact on deforestation in forest commons. the study departs from that firewood practices as shaped by institutional complexity and historical, cultural, and taken-for-granted ways of doing, and this impacts how forest governance plays out on the ground. by exploring the discursive and the actual practices, the study contributes insights into the discrepancies between forest law enforcement and women�s perceptions of firewood collection. such analysis advances understanding of how forest governance in burkina faso is embodied and internalized in how people relate to and use firewood and the complex and varying ways firewood practices are formed. the findings suggest that women should be included in forest management, receive technical training in forest practices, and that attention should be directed toward decreasing firewood dependence. 18. title: statebuilding and indigenous rights implementation: political incentives, social movement pressure, and autonomy policy in central america authors: giorleny altamirano rayo, eric s. mosinger, kai m. thaler abstract: what explains when states strengthen, maintain, or erode political-territorial indigenous autonomy regimes? indigenous activists around the world have fought for the right to govern their own lands and communities and have sometimes won major legal concessions from national governments. yet initial breakthroughs often give way to lackluster state implementation or even erosion of indigenous autonomy rights. we examine how statebuilding incentives structure governments� implementation of autonomy, drawing on cases in central america. under some circumstances government officials may perceive indigenous autonomy regimes as the best option to promote state influence over otherwise difficult-to-reach territories and populations. autonomy regimes may improve governability, for example, in regions where criminal organizations or other armed actors operate. autonomy regimes may also lead indigenous peoples to increasingly identify themselves with the national state. finally, autonomy regimes may further integrate indigenous communities into markets by creating property relations and consultation mechanisms that defuse indigenous opposition to extractive projects. when these statebuilding incentives to advance governability, identification, and extraction are absent, however, government officials are more likely to erode autonomy regimes. through comparisons of the trajectories of indigenous autonomy regimes in honduras, panama, and nicaragua, we show how these statebuilding concerns shaped state policies towards indigenous autonomy across governments� ideologies and regime types. our findings highlight the importance of examining social movements� practical consequences, and how aligning movement demands with statebuilding interests may shape whether gains can be defended and sustained, an especially pressing concern for indigenous movements facing extractive projects, land invasions, and climate change. 19. title: the role of trainings in improving supplier sustainability performance authors: kristina encinas bartos, julia schwarzkopf, martin mueller abstract: this article analyses the impact of training measures on supplier sustainability performance. it raises the question of the role that training measures and knowledge sharing activities by focal firms play in improving sustainability performance in a global supplier network. the analysis is based on a difference-in-difference approach with multiple time periods following callaway & sant�anna (2021), using a longitudinal data set of over 5000 first-tier suppliers from the automotive industry. we find that sustainability trainings improve supplier sustainability performance in general. specifically, these results seem to be driven by longer training sessions that require active supplier engagement, outlining a clear learning objective and relating to local sustainability challenges. 20. title: beyond deforestation reductions: public disclosure, land-use change and commodity sourcing authors: yannic damm, el�as cisneros, jan b�rner abstract: global commodity supply chains contribute significantly to environmental degradation and greenhouse gas emissions. improving supply chain transparency can create public awareness and encourage relevant actors to improve their ecological footprint. we exploit brazil�s priority list policy for the amazon region, a public disclosure mechanism introduced in 2008 that effectively reduced deforestation rates, to study how land users and commodity traders respond to the corresponding reputational risk exposure. specifically, we combine remotely sensed land use data with spatio-temporally disaggregated soy trade statistics covering 15 years and 770 municipalities to measure the effect of priority listing on land-use change, sourcing patterns, and trade destinations. using the generalized synthetic control method, we find that priority listing led to a sizeable drop in deforestation and a corresponding reduction in pasture expansion. at the same time, soy expansion increased significantly, but instead of expanding into natural forests, it mostly replaced existing pastures and 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