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��ࡱ�>�� r��abjbj��2��}�}�x ��8/l��ql��!q#q#q#q#q#q#q$&s��u8gq-��gq��4tq111��!q1�!q111��@�cdv��j1 q�q0�q1vc:v11�1v�n��1��gqgq��q��v��: urban studies volume 59, issue 8, june 2022 1. title: introduction: generating concepts of �the urban� through comparative practice authors: jennifer robinson abstract: this introduction to the special issue, �comparative methods for global urban studies�, outlines the basis for a reformatted comparative method inspired by the complex spatialities of the urban world. the articles in the volume each bring forward innovative approaches to comparative methods which support wider conceptualisations of urban processes and urban experiences. the articles in this volume consider a wide range of urban contexts and collectively move beyond geopolitically imprecise propositions of �southern� urbanism to embrace the wider comparative agenda of thinking with both the diversity and the profound interconnectedness of the urban globally. the articles contribute to decentring urban studies, opening conceptualisation to a range of different contexts and differently positioned writers. they also speak to the analytical and methodological challenges posed by current trends in global urbanisation, as dispersed, fragmented and extending over vast territories. thinking with the multiple elsewheres of any urban context invites a comparative imagination � this introduction draws together the creative ways in which authors in this volume have responded to this potential. processes of conceptualisation both emerge from and more acutely reveal the spatiality and nature of the global urban: comparative method, then, also proposes a certain mode of theorisation of the urban. 2. title: a posteriori comparisons, repeated instances and urban policy mobilities: what �best practices� leave behind authors: sergio montero, gianpaolo baiocchi abstract: urban studies scholars have engaged in a lively debate on how to reformat comparative methods in the face of critical scrutiny of the discipline�s purported universalism. we share the enthusiasm for a reformatted urban comparativism and, in this paper, we turn to the thorny and more pragmatic question of how to actually carry it out. while traditional comparisons in urban studies have sought to find variation among similar cases by selecting a priori, in this article we propose to compare the findings of different researchers through a posteriori, that is, after the research has been done. we also argue that urban researchers need to focus on urban processes rather than cities; on repeated instances rather than on controlling for difference; and on mid-level abstraction rather than on grand theory or descriptive empirical cases. we put this strategy to work by comparing empirical research previously carried out by the authors on how two latin american cities became international urban �best practices�: bogot� as a sustainable transport model and porto alegre as a model of local participatory budgeting. the comparison highlights the tension between the simplified policy narratives that were mobilised to circulate bogot� and porto alegre as international �best practices� and the broader multi-scalar institutional reforms that these �best practice� narratives have left behind in their global circulations. in doing so, we show the potential of a posteriori comparisons to analyse contemporary global urban dynamics and provide some explicit methodological tactics on how to do comparisons in a more systematic way. 3. title: an experiment with the minor geographies of major cities: infrastructural relations among the fragments authors: niranjana r abstract: research on urban water infrastructures has seldom reached across the global north-south divide owing to their apparent developmental incommensurability. yet, the universalising tendencies of urban theory has meant that cities of the global south are often deemed to have �fragmented� infrastructures or incomplete circulations in implicit comparison to the northern infrastructural ideal. so, in order to truly �world� the study of infrastructures and cities, it is important to go beyond these dominant paradigms and attend to how infrastructures actually work and what socio-technical implications they have in cities of the global south and north. building on these provocations, this paper places the water infrastructures of two �most different cities�� chennai, india and london, uk � alongside each other in �experimental comparison�, where the aim is not to arrive at paradigmatic urban theory but to highlight heterogeneity and excavate themes for further critical thinking on each case. this paper will delineate the dialogic and reflexive method of research and analysis adopted, tracing how it led to the practice of �minor theory�, which focuses on processes that do not find expression in dominant universalising analyses. here, minor theory is mobilised towards challenging dominant or major constructs about each city and across cities, while amplifying urban multiplicities and enabling a deeper engagement with infrastructure making in the global south and north, thus expanding urban studies� toolbox of critical thinking. 4. title: socialist worldmaking: the political economy of urban comparison in the global cold war authors: aukasz stanek abstract: this article revisits comparative urban studies produced during the cold war in the framework of socialist worldmaking , or multiple, evolving and sometimes antagonistic practices of cooperation between socialist countries in eastern europe and decolonising countries in africa and asia. much like the recent �new comparative urbanism�, these studies extended the candidates, terms and positionalities of comparison beyond the global north. this article focuses on operative concepts employed by soviet, eastern european, african and asian scholars and professionals in economic and spatial planning across diverse locations, and shows how they were produced by means of �adaptive� and �appropriative� comparison. while adaptive comparison was instrumental in the application of soviet concepts in countries embarking on the socialist development path, appropriative comparison juxtaposed concepts from various contexts � whether the �west� or the �east� � in order to select those best suitable for the means and needs on the ground. this article argues that this conceptual production was conditioned by the political economy of socialist worldmaking and shows how these experiences are useful for a more critical advancement of comparative urban research today. 5. title: infrastructure-led development and the peri-urban question: furthering crossover comparisons authors: j miguel kanai, seth schindler abstract: contemporary development policy portrays enhanced connectivity as the key to fostering economic growth in lagging regions. this global policy consensus and consequent infrastructure scramble have resulted in a proliferation of new urban spaces. these are dispersed, fragmentary and often unrecognised as urban by projects and plans centred on large-scale connective infrastructures to integrate remote regions into circuits of capital. whilst our understanding of infrastructure-led development is informed by critical engagements with planetary urbanisation, global infrastructure and logistics, this position paper seeks to reconcile political economy analyses with situated studies closer to lived forms of heterogeneous precariousness in emerging urban worlds. addressing recent debates that frame these bodies of scholarship as antagonistic, we emphasise the supplementarity of perspectives from within and beyond urban studies. this pluralism can be practised through comparisons that will (i) trace the geo-economic relationality of mega-infrastructures, which conditions directly and indirectly their planning, financing, construction and management, and (simultaneously or independently) (ii) examine difference in the diverse experiences of and responses to emergent infrastructural urbanisms of precarity. the article shows that genetic and generative comparisons can inform a research agenda on (peri-)urban precariousness, engaging policies with unmistakable global moorings but complex multi-scalar politics, diverging outcomes and situated resistances and appropriations. 6. title: disassembling connections: a comparative analysis of the politics of slum upgrading in ethekwini and s�o paulo authors: camila saraiva abstract: this paper presents an innovative comparison that works creatively with the entangled spatialities of policy mobilities, drawing on a city-to-city cooperation between s�o paulo (brazil) and ethekwini (south africa) municipalities for the exchange of slum upgrading expertise. the proposed comparative tactic entails tracing the establishment of this connection in order to disassemble the constituent flows and localities merged within it. subsequently, by posing questions to one another, a relational comparison of the trajectory of slum upgrading policy in each locality is composed, unearthing the political and institutional conditions that preceded the existence of the connection per se. in that sense, both ethekwini and s�o paulo are considered equivalent starting points from which local actors engaged in circulating ideas and mobilised slum upgrading policies. this paper not only brings a fresh approach to comparative methods � incorporating political contexts and their extensive overlapping networks of relations alongside a focus on particular policy trajectories � but also contributes to furthering global urban studies in two other ways. first, it provides insight into the processes by which policies are put on the move and localised (or not). second, it demonstrates how repeated instances of urban practice may be unravelled by allowing each context of policy formation, with its distinctive trajectory of slum upgrading, to speak to one another. in this regard, the comparative analysis identified how, in both s�o paulo and ethekwini, the consolidation of democracy was followed by the development of more technocratic approaches to the detriment of earlier slum upgrading initiatives focussed on community empowerment. 7. title: comparison and political strategy: internationalism, colonial rule and urban research after fanon authors: stefan kipfer abstract: debates about comparative method have been at the forefront of english-language urban studies during the last two decades. in one sense, these debates simply derive from and help sustain the crucial labour process of urban research. in other respects, the rise of comparative method to foremost prominence has demonstrated theoretical differences in the field. the heat that some of these debates have occasionally generated (e.g. on scale, global cities, assemblage and planetary urbanisation) alerts us to the political stakes involved in comparison. these range from the micro-political dynamics of knowledge creation to various macrological considerations. in this paper, i deal not only with the political implications of comparative projects, i also raise the question: how do political strategies produce comparative perspectives? after a few observations about comparative debates in urban research and beyond, i zero in on frantz fanon�s tricontinental internationalism as a generator of a relational comparative outlook before discussing three intellectual engagements with fanon�s legacy. these engagements are situated within the creole literary movement in martinique, indigenous radicalism in canada and political anti-racism in mainland france. by highlighting the obstacles that stand in the way of translating fanon�s internationalism, these engagements also underline the importance of understanding colonial rule and its legacies (including its urban dimension, which fanon understood under the larger rubric of colonial compartmentalisation) in relationally comparative ways: historically and geographically distinct but inter-linked through broader processes, strategies and intellectual practices. 8. title: speculating on land, property and peri/urban futures: a conjunctural approach to intra-metropolitan comparison authors: helga leitner, eric sheppard abstract: this article explores a conjunctural approach to comparison as a means to capture the complexity of the processes shaping metropolitan land transformations in a city of the global south, comparing the co-implicated actions of developers and local residents across central and peri-urban jabodetabek. a conjunctural approach shares with some other forms of comparison the ambition to build new theories and challenge existing knowledge. rather than controlling for the characteristics of units of analysis as in conventional comparison, a conjunctural approach attends to the broader spatio-temporal conjuncture. it involves highlighting unexpected or overlooked starting points for comparison, attending to inter-place, inter-scalar and inter-temporal relationalities in order to identify shared general tendencies as well as particularities and to chart their mutual constitution. grounding this comparison iteratively puts local knowledge and observations in conversation with already existing theories. deploying these principles in a socio-spatial intra-metropolitan comparison, we show that economic speculation on land and property is complexly entangled with actors� socio-cultural speculations, as they seek also to realise aspirations for distinct peri/urban futures. economic speculation deepens already existing inequalities in wealth and power differentials between and among developers and kampung residents. the erasure of informal settlements and displacement of their residents is supplemented by the ability of other kampungs and select residents to take advantage of spillover opportunities from the formal developments built on former kampung land. distinct central city and peri-urban landscapes are emerging, shaped by differences in the social ecology of land and local governance and planning regimes. 9. title: de-colonising the right to housing, one new city at a time: seeing housing development from palestine/israel authors: oded haas abstract: the right to housing is generally understood as a local struggle against the global commodification of housing. while useful for recognising overarching urbanisation processes, such understanding risks washing over the distinctive politics that produce the housing crisis and its ostensible solutions in different contexts around the globe. situated in a settler-colonial context, this paper bridges recent comparative urban studies with indigenous narratives of urbanisation, to re-think housing crisis solutions from the point of view of the colonised. based on in-depth interviews with palestinian citizens of israel, the paper compares two cases of state-initiated, privatised housing developments, one in israel and one in the occupied palestinian territories: the new cities tantour and rawabi. each case is examined as a singularity, distinctive formations of the spatialities of zionist settlement in palestine, which are now being transformed through privatised housing development. the paper presents these developments as mutually constituted through a colonial-settler project and palestinian sumud resistance, the praxis of remaining on the land. the paper utilises comparison as a strategy, exploring each new city in turn, to reveal the range of directions in sumud. thus, by seeing housing development as site for negotiating de-colonisation on the ground, the paper contributes to recent debates over the power of comparative urbanism to re-think global phenomena through treating urban terrains as singularities. 10. title: shared projects and symbiotic collaborations: shenzhen and london in comparative conversation authors: shaun sk teo abstract: this paper presents �shared projects� and the �symbiotic� relations they engender to capture accounts of state and society actors collaborating to turn individual constraints into collective opportunities for pursuing urban experiments which are institutionally-shaped but also institution-shaping. the concepts are developed through a sequential and recursive comparison � that is, a �comparative conversation�� between a case of urban village upgrading in shenzhen and community land trust development in london. the paper uses a pragmatist approach to capitalist transformation as a starting point for comparison between these supposedly �incomparable� cases. i build both heterogeneous and generalisable accounts of the pathways and progressive potential of collaborations on shared projects by recursively composing analytical proximities across the cases and their contexts of state entrepreneurialism and austerity localism. theoretically, this paper contributes to scholarship which focuses on the contingency and complexity inherent in urban transformation. state and society actors are seen as potential collaborators working pragmatically to solve systemic problems without necessarily targeting wholesale systemic change. methodologically, it contributes to ongoing attempts to demonstrate the positive relationship between experimental comparisons and conceptual innovation through staging a �comparative conversation�. 11. title: beyond variegation: the territorialisation of states, communities and developers in large-scale developments in johannesburg, shanghai and london authors: jennifer robinson, fulong wu, phil harrison, zheng wang, alison todes, romain dittgen, katia attuyer abstract: large-scale urban development projects are a significant format of urban expansion and renewal across the globe. as generators of governance innovation and indicators of the future city in each urban context, large-scale development projects have been interpreted within frameworks of �variegations� of wider circulating processes, such as neoliberalisation or financialisation. however, such projects often entail significant state support and investment, are strongly linked to a wide variety of transnational investors and developers and are frequently highly contested in their local environments. thus, each project comes to fruition in a distinctive regulatory context, often as an exception to the norm, and each emerges through complex interactions over a long period of time amongst an array of actors. we therefore seek to broaden the discussion from an analytical focus on variegated globalised processes to consider three large-scale urban development projects (in shanghai, johannesburg and london) as distinctive (transcalar) territorialisations. using an innovative comparative approach, we outline the grounds for a systematic analytical conversation across mega-urban development projects in very different contexts. initially, comparability rests on the shared features of large-scale developments � that they are multi-jurisdictional, involve long time scales and bring significant financing challenges. comparing three development projects, we are able to interrogate, rather than take for granted, how a range of wider processes, circulating practices, transcalar actors and territorial regulatory formations composed specific urban outcomes in each case. thinking across these diverse cases provides grounds for rebuilding understandings of urban development politics. 12. title: a more global urban studies, besides empirical variation authors: julie ren abstract: an expanded set of sites, a more differentiated set of references and linguistic diversification have been discussed as needed changes in urban studies. the critiques of the limitations of urban studies, in terms of both the scholarship and the scholars, offer important and concrete responses to expanding the scope of the field. yet this tremendous special issue on �comparative methods for global urban studies� with 10 papers cutting across a range of sites and topics is decidedly not only about empirical variation; this is an important distinction worth drawing more attention to. the creativity expressed in these papers comes at an auspicious time in urban studies where new routes for doing urban theory are needed to move past debates about singular versus plural epistemologies of the urban. as a kind of research that demands more translation, exchange and collaboration, perhaps comparative urban research as a mode of theory-building can help to humble the chest-pounding, posturing, privilege of thinking and speaking the language of theory. the theoretical ambitions of these very different papers show how urban theory need not only be about better understanding urbanisation within the epistemological confines of late capitalism. rather than reifying a shared grammar of urbanisation as a necessity to understand each other, they may entice scholars everywhere to develop a broader vocabulary and perhaps even learn another language. 13. title: tracing as comparative method authors: astrid wood abstract: urban scholarship is bursting with comparison. we use comparison as an explicit and implicit tool to frame our urban analysis. but how do we actually do comparison? this commentary presents a fine-tuned analysis of �tracing� as both a conceptual framework and a methodological process for doing comparative urbanism. it draws on the many excellent contributions in this special issue to argue for three methodological approaches to tracing � following the trace, the people doing the tracing and the pathways of tracing � adding reflections that are not only theoretically valuable but also practically useful. in concluding, i argue that this approach of tracing highlights the endless possibilities for thoughtful and productive comparison starting from everywhere and ending up anywhere. 14. title: constructing comparisons: reflecting on the experimental nature of new comparative tactics authors: frances brill abstract: in this commentary i reflect on experimental approaches to comparative urbanism emerging in recent papers. drawing on the methodological approaches employed in the special issue on comparative methods for global urban studies, i highlight the way in which a more reactive and responsive approach � to both pre-existing conditions and understandings of urban development, as well as realities faced during fieldwork and analysis � have elucidated new ways of thinking with and through different cities to productively push forward the comparative urbanism agenda. in doing so i build on the long history of comparative approaches in urban studies to argue that experimenting with how we put new places into existing conversations, within a particular project or beyond, can be hugely powerful in transforming the way in which comparison is conducted in urban studies and geography. 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