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volume 58, issue 13, october 2021
1. title: for the benefit of all? state-led gentrification in a contested city.
authors: shmaryahu-yeshurun, yael; ben-porat, guy.
abstract: gentrification is not only an economic process based on individual desires and decisions and independent of political goals, but also a process led or assisted by governments with economic development and national goals. in this work, we study a state-led ethno-gentrification in acre, a contested city in the north of israel. looking beyond the neoliberal terminology of regeneration, we argue that in contested cities gentrification is an economic development policy often intertwined with national-demographic goals. yet, while economic and national motivations and policies may reinforce one another, they also produce tensions among policy makers, gentrifiers and local residents. 'state-led ethno-gentrification' presents the complexity of the relationship between neoliberalism and nationalism in a contested city. interviews conducted in acre with policy makers, jewish newcomers involved in the gentrification process and arab residents present a complex picture of goals, interests and concerns, as well as contradictions and tensions.
2. title: regulatory gentrification: documents, displacement and the loss of low-income housing.
authors: thorpe, amelia.
abstract: within the vast literature on gentrification, law is not often discussed. where it is mentioned, law tends to be discussed as a contributor to wider processes of displacement and dispossession. this article takes a different approach, examining law itself as a site of gentrification. my focus is the regulatory framework for the development of boarding houses in sydney, australia, contained within the state environmental planning policy (affordable rental housing) 2009 (arh sepp). in the midst of a growing housing crisis, the arh sepp introduced provisions to stem the loss of older boarding houses and to incentivise new construction. while intended for low-income accommodation, these provisions have increasingly been used for other purposes. the arh sepp has enabled new forms of housing for a far more affluent population, sometimes directly displacing low-income residents. like other laws noted in other studies, the arh sepp can be understood as a contributor to the gentrification of various parts of sydney. yet there is more at play. like so many physical spaces in which gentrification takes place, the arh sepp has itself changed in character, becoming a space for more privileged users.
3. title: neighbourhood deprivation, life satisfaction and earnings: comparative analyses of neighbourhood effects at bespoke scales.
authors: knies, gundi; melo, patricia c; zhang, min.
abstract: neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage has a profound impact on individuals' earnings and life satisfaction. since definitions of the neighbourhood and research designs vary greatly across studies, it is difficult to ascertain which neighbourhoods and outcomes matter the most. by conducting parallel analyses of the impact of neighbourhood deprivation on life satisfaction and earnings at multiple scales, we provide a direct empirical test of which scale matters the most and whether the effects vary between outcomes. our identification strategy combines rich longitudinal information on individual characteristics, family background and initial job conditions for england and wales with econometric estimators that address residential sorting bias, and we compare results for individuals living in choice-restricted social housing with results for those living in self-selected privately rented housing. we find that the effect of neighbourhood deprivation on life satisfaction and wages is negative for both outcomes and largely explained by strong residential sorting on both individual and neighbourhood characteristics rather than a genuine causal effect. we also find that the results overall do not vary by neighbourhood scale.
4. title: neighbourhood and school effects on educational inequalities in the transition from primary to secondary education in amsterdam.
authors: kuyvenhoven, joeke; boterman, willem r.
abstract: drawing on an advanced analysis of individual longitudinal register data of school careers of four cohorts of children in amsterdam, this article suggests that school advice is highly differentiated between children of different migrant and socioeconomic backgrounds. moreover, apart from these individual characteristics, we demonstrate that the socioeconomic composition of neighbourhoods and schools is important for understanding differences in school advice. the analysis shows that neighbourhood and school socioeconomic disadvantage negatively affects the school advice of children with highly educated parents, while socioeconomic advantage positively affects all children and especially children of lower- and intermediate-educated parents. the positive neighbourhood effects are, however, mediated by primary school context. we suggest that while most of the educational inequalities may be explained by individual characteristics, residential and school segregation intensify these inequalities, especially through the beneficial effects of neighbourhood and school advantage.
5. title: adaptive capacity of the pearl river delta cities in the face of the growing flood risk: institutions, ideas and interests.
authors: dbrowski, marcin; stead, dominic; he, jinghuan; yu, feng.
abstract: although the cities in the pearl river delta (prd) in china are amongst the world's cities most exposed to flooding due to climate change, surprisingly little is done to address this problem. this article explores the barriers to the emergence of policies adapting to the growing flood risk in two prd cities, guangzhou and shenzhen, underlining the importance of the chinese territorial governance system for adaptive capacity at the local level. focusing on institutions, ideas and interests as a heuristic device, the article contributes to the literature on urban climate adaptation and the nexus of spatial planning and flood risk management by exploring why and how the development of the adaptive capacity of cities is hampered, despite an urgent need for it.
6. title: single mothers coping with food insecurity in a nairobi slum.
authors: madhavan, sangeetha; clark, shelley; schmidt, sara.
abstract: with high urbanisation rates, cities in sub-saharan africa are contending with food insecurity. urban studies scholars have approached the issue mainly from the perspective of food deserts. we adapt sen's 'resource bundles' and watts and bohles's 'space of vulnerability' concepts to examine food insecurity as a function of both tangible and intangible resources. moreover, we also interrogate the role of kin in strengthening safety nets for the urban poor. drawing on a data set of 462 single mothers in a slum in nairobi, kenya, we find that (1) bundles comes in four types; (2) bundles with high levels of all resources buffer against food insecurity as do (3) bundles weighted with high levels of wealth and social standing; and (4) kin enhance the protective effect of bundles only for two types. these findings should direct urban poverty researchers to consider the compounding effect of resources in the reproduction of poverty and social inequality and encourage policy makers to focus on both vulnerability and resilience in designing interventions to ensure food security.
7. title: racial composition and trajectories of gentrification in the united states.
authors: rucks-ahidiana, zawadi.
abstract: prior studies suggest that middle-income americans are more likely to move to predominately white, low-income neighbourhoods than predominately black or latino neighbourhoods. given that black and latino neighbourhoods are, on average, lower income and higher in poverty than low-income, white neighbourhoods, it may be that gentrification in these neighbourhoods is a different kind of change than that occurring in predominately white neighbourhoods. using census data from 1970 to 2010 for 275 metropolitan statistical areas, i find that racial composition influences not only whether gentrification occurs, but how it occurs and whether it influences racial demographics. majority white gentrifying tracts were more likely to experience an increase in higher-income residents and white residents, while majority non-white gentrifying tracts experienced an increase in higher-educated but not higher-income residents, and an increase in white residents and decrease in black and latino residents. racial composition thus contributed to the kind of gentrification that a tract experienced and the extent to which gentrification produced racial change. these findings suggest that race affects not only where gentrification occurs, as previously established, but also the kind of class and racial changes a neighbourhood experiences. ultimately, this article suggests that gentrification neither unfolds in one way nor affects all neighbourhoods the same way.
8. title: not too close, not too far: urbanisation and life satisfaction along the urban hierarchy.
authors: lenzi, camilla; perucca, giovanni.
abstract: empirical evidence on the effect of urbanisation on individual self-reported well-being generally points to a negative effect of urbanisation and city size, at least in most developed economies. this article aims to re-assess this conclusion by claiming that this approach overlooks the fact that a city's positive externalities may expand well beyond the urban boundaries, as postulated in urban economics theory. based on survey data on self-reported life satisfaction derived from different waves of eurobarometer surveys in the period 2005�2010 covering 21 european union member countries, the article empirically verifies the existence of a positive association between urbanisation and individual well-being, depending on the proximity to settings of higher rank in the urban hierarchy. in particular, it shows that the higher the distance from a city larger than the one of residence of the respondent, the lower the probability of being satisfied with life.
9. title: activity locations, residential segregation and the significance of residential neighbourhood boundary perceptions.
authors: pinchak, nicolo p; browning, christopher r; calder, catherine a; boettner, bethany.
abstract: the inadequacies of residential census geography in capturing urban residents' routine exposures have motivated efforts to more directly measure residents' activity spaces. in turn, insights regarding urban activity patterns have been used to motivate alternative residential neighbourhood measurement strategies incorporating dimensions of activity space in the form of egocentric neighbourhoods � measurement approaches that place individuals at the centre of their own residential neighbourhood units. unexamined, however, is the extent to which the boundaries of residents' own self-defined residential neighbourhoods compare with census-based and egocentric neighbourhood measurement approaches in aligning with residents' routine activity locations. we first assess this question, examining whether the boundaries of residents' self-defined residential neighbourhoods are in closer proximity to the coordinates of a range of activity location types than are the boundaries of their census and egocentric residential neighbourhood measurement approaches. we find little evidence that egocentric or, crucially, self-defined residential neighbourhoods better align with activity locations, suggesting a division in residents' activity locations and conceptions of their residential neighbourhoods. we then examine opposing hypotheses about how self-defined residential neighbourhoods and census tracts compare in socioeconomic and racial composition. overall, our findings suggest that residents bound less segregated neighbourhoods than those produced by census geography, but self-defined residential neighbourhoods still reflect a preference towards homophily when considering areas beyond the immediate environment of their residence. these findings underscore the significance of individuals' conceptions of residential neighbourhoods to understanding and measuring urban social processes such as residential segregation and social disorganisation.
10. title: the representativeness of neighbourhood associations in toronto and vancouver.
authors: moore, aaron a; mcgregor, r michael.
abstract: neighbourhood associations are major players in urban politics throughout north american cities and increasingly are becoming a political force in other parts of the world. however, while there is a rich and well-developed literature on the role played by neighbourhood associations in urban politics, few studies examine whether their membership reflects the socio-demographic composition and interests of the broader public. this paper addresses this gap in the literature using survey data from voters conducted during the vancouver and toronto 2018 municipal elections. we compare the responses of participants who identify as members of neighbourhood associations (or their equivalents) with those of the broader voting public. we find that members of neighbourhood associations in both cities are not representative of the broader population. they are more likely to be white, older and have higher education than the average voter. in addition, while the ideology of neighbourhood association members differs little from that of the broader public, their policy priorities are different from those of the majority of voters in both cities. our findings suggest that neighbourhood associations fail in providing descriptive representation and may not offer substantive representation. these findings raise important questions about the role of neighbourhood associations in local governance. our study also demonstrates the merit of using individual-level surveys to learn more about the composition and policy preferences of neighbourhood associations.
11. title: 'an open secret': public housing and downward raiding in rio de janeiro.
authors: garmany, jeff; burdick, john.
abstract: this article examines a case of urban displacement currently underway in central rio de janeiro, brazil. in some respects, this case represents a classic example of what researchers call 'downward raiding': a type of urban displacement whereby low-income housing is exploited by higher-income groups. yet, in other respects, it also raises important questions about the ways urban displacement happens in public housing, as well as how downward raiding operates on the ground in cities. by exploring these questions, this article aims to accomplish two goals: first, to investigate an overlooked and often hidden form of urban displacement that, in this case, coincides with a large-scale, public�private housing initiative; and, second, to critically interrogate the concept of downward raiding in order to better understand and define the process. it is argued that by placing greater emphasis on how, empirically speaking, urban displacement happens, researchers may gain new insight into diverse forms of urban displacement in cities around the world.
12. title: new municipalism in action or urban neoliberalisation reloaded? an analysis of governance change, stability and path dependence in madrid (2015�2019).
authors: janoschka, michael; mota, fabiola.
abstract: local politics in spain has triggered iconic shifts over the last few years, and the electoral success of new 'movement parties' in particular has dramatically challenged the political establishment. between 2015 and 2019, many municipalities � including, crucially, the two biggest cities, madrid and barcelona � were governed by coalitions originating from anti-austerity, anti-eviction and pro-democracy struggles. this has significantly affected hegemonic and widely normalised discourses supporting the neoliberalisation of urban politics, and to some extent has also prompted novel governance approaches. based on empirical research undertaken with local councillors, officials, consultants and activists, the article develops an in-depth analysis of governance transformations in the spanish capital of madrid. by doing so, it evaluates the ambiguities and contradictions that the government coalition ahora madrid was facing during the 2015�2019 legislative term. the debate stimulates critical reflections for academics, practitioners and movements on the transformative capacities that new municipalisms may enact, as well as the constraints faced by established multi-level urban governance regimes.
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13. title: of greater dignity than riches: austerity and housing design in india.
authors: ganguly, debapriya.
abstract: the article reviews the book of greater dignity than riches: austerity and housing design in india by farhan karim.
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