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volume 39, issue 8, oct. 2010
1. title: technology policy and global warming: why new policy models are needed (or why putting new wine in old bottles won�t work)
authors: david c. mowery, richard r. nelson, ben r. martin
abstract: in recent years, the threat of global climate change has come to be seen as one of the most serious confronting humanity. to meet this challenge will require the development of new technologies and the substantial improvement of existing ones, as well as ensuring their prompt and widespread deployment. some have argued that the urgency of the situation requires a �manhattan project� or an �apollo program�. this paper examines why such a policy model is inappropriate, arguing that the nature of the policy context for confronting climate change necessitates a different kind of technology policy than that for building an atomic bomb or for achieving a manned lunar landing. instead, it seeks to draw lessons from three sectors that seem to be more pertinent and where government technological development and deployment programs have been pursued with some success in the united states � namely, agriculture, biomedical research and information technology. it compares and contrasts these with the policies pursued with regard to the first two of these sectors in the united kingdom. the paper concludes by drawing out the implications for the design of policies supporting technological development and innovation to address the problem of global climate change.
2. title: proliferation dynamics in new sciences
authors: andrea bonaccorsi, juan vargas
abstract: the paper studies the dynamics of production of knowledge in an emergent scientific field, nanoscience. it suggests that scientific knowledge advances by proliferation, or the turbulent entry of new sub-fields, each generating opportunities for further entries at each time. it suggests a new methodology to define and measure the dynamics of knowledge, based on the industrial dynamics of keywords and a formal representation through bipartite graphs. an empirical examination of the graph dynamics in the early stage of the scientific field (1988�2002) confirms the notion of proliferation.
3. title: the technological origins of radical inventions
authors: wilfred schoenmakers, geert duysters
abstract: this paper aims to trace down the origins of radical inventions. in spite of many theoretical discussions on the effect of radical inventions, the specific nature of radical inventions has received much less attention in the theoretical and empirical literature. we try to fill that void by an empirical investigation into the specific origins of radical inventions. we explore this issue by a close examination of 157 individual patents, which are selected from a pool of more than 300,000 patents. in contrast to the conventional wisdom that radical inventions are based less on existing knowledge, we find that they are to a higher degree based on existing knowledge than non-radical inventions. a further result that follows from our analysis is that radical inventions are induced by the recombination over more knowledge domains. the combination of knowledge from domains that might usually not be connected seems to deliver more radical inventions.
4. title: inside or outside the ip system? business creation in academia
authors: riccardo fini, nicola lacetera, scott shane
abstract: research and public policy on academic entrepreneurship are largely based on the assumption that faculty members start businesses to commercialize inventions that have been disclosed to university administrators and have been patented. in this paper, we analyze a sample of 11,572 professors and find that much academic entrepreneurship occurs outside the university intellectual property system. specifically, about 2/3 of businesses started by academics are not based on disclosed and patented inventions. moreover, we show that individual characteristics, departmental and organizational affiliations, and time allocation of academics that have started business outside the ip system are different from those of academics that have started businesses to exploit disclosed and patented inventions. we discuss the implications for research on and the practice of academic entrepreneurship.
5. title: the internationalization of inventive activity: a gravity model using patent data
authors: lucio picci
abstract: this paper discusses the extent and the determinants of the internationalization of european inventive activity, between 1990 and 2005, using an innovative method to treat the information contained in the european patent office's patstat database. we introduce a new set of indicators measuring internationalized patent applications that are fully coherent with the principle of fractional counting. the observed level of internationalization of inventive activities, while being rather low, has steadily increased over time.
the amount of collaboration between actors residing in different countries is assessed by means of a gravity model. the amount of bilateral collaboration is positively affected by the presence of a common language, a common border and by more similar cultural characteristics. international collaboration is negatively affected by distance, with estimated elasticities that are significantly smaller than the ones that characterize international trade.
6. title: cooperation in innovation activities: the importance of partners
authors: pedro de faria, francisco lima, rui santos
abstract: this paper analyses the importance of cooperation partners for the development of innovation activities. we contribute to the literature on cooperation in innovation activities that seeks to identify the characteristics differentiating cooperative from non-cooperative firms by proposing a different approach to this problem. we distinguish firms according to their evaluation of cooperation partners in the development of innovation activities. we apply a probit selection model to account for the firm's decision to cooperate (or not). the data we use come from the portuguese third community innovation survey. our estimation results show that firms from high-technological industries, with higher levels of absorptive capacity and of innovation investment, who give importance to incoming spillovers management, and who cooperate with firms from the same group or with suppliers, place greater value on cooperation partners in the innovation process. additionally, we also find that the factors influencing the importance attributed to cooperation activities are different from the ones behind the decision to cooperate.
7. title: the effects of owner identity and external governance systems on r&d investments: a study of western european firms
authors: federico munari, raffaele oriani, maurizio sobrero
abstract: this paper builds on agency and institutional theory to extend the analysis of the effects of ownership and control on r&d investments by considering the influence of different types of ownership and of institutional corporate governance systems. our empirical analysis is based on a unique dataset of 1000 firms publicly-traded in six european countries (france, germany, italy, norway, sweden and the uk). controlling for industry- and firm-level effects, our findings show that higher shareholding by families is negatively associated with r&d investment. moreover, widely-held firms invest less in r&d in the united kingdom than in continental european countries, thus suggesting the existence of a greater pressure towards the reduction of r&d in market-based governance systems. the results are robust against possible sample selection biases due to firms� discretional r&d disclosure.
8. title: do high technology acquirers become more innovative?
authors: panos desyllas, alan hughes
abstract: drawing on organizational, managerial and financial theories, we explore whether acquirers become more innovative and the factors that can enhance their absorptive and financial capacity to benefit from acquisition. over a 3-year post-acquisition window, our sample of 2624 high technology us acquisitions records early reverses followed by positive r&d-intensity changes and insignificant r&d productivity changes. controlling for acquisition endogeneity and deal-specific effects, significant acquirer characteristic effects emerge. in related acquisitions, a large knowledge base tends to increase r&d productivity, consistent with an enhanced capacity to select and absorb targets. in unrelated acquisitions, however, this relationship becomes increasingly negative as knowledge base concentration increases, consistent with arguments for an impaired peripheral vision and core rigidities. high leverage levels raise r&d productivity gains, consistent with enhanced monitoring induced efficiency. however, high leverage growth reduces r&d-intensity, consistent with increased financial constraints and short-termism.
9. title: economic perspectives on the development of complex products for increasingly demanding customers
authors: peter e. earl, tim wakeley
abstract: rival firms produce products with a variety of characteristics. it is typically assumed that consumers purchase those products that most closely match their ideal set of characteristics. orthodox production theory economics offers no analysis of how to divide limited product development budgets between different characteristics. furthermore, orthodox consumer economics assumes buyers make compensatory trade-offs between different product characteristics; this approach ignores problems caused by bounded rationality that, in complex choice environments, leads buyers to formulate simplifying heuristics such as hierarchical (non-compensatory) preferences over characteristics. an integrative analytical framework is developed, drawing upon orthodox economics, behavioural economics and evolutionary economics. implications for the relationship between incremental product development and the firm's evolving capabilities are emphasized.
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