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volume 77, issue 6, november 2022
1. title: the asymmetric effects of fossil fuel dependency on the carbon intensity of well-being: a u.s. state-level analysis, 1999�2017
authors: ryan p. thombs
abstract: the resource dependency literature argues that intensifying processes of dependency can lead to poorer socioecological outcomes, but the effects of reducing dependency remain untested. some scholars argue that it improves socioecological conditions, while other strands of research suggest that it causes economic hardship, as evidenced by the deaths of despair crisis. here, i examine the asymmetric effects of fossil fuel dependency (measured as the energy production-consumption ratio, the share of exports from the mining sector, and the share of gdp from the mining sector) on the carbon intensity of well-being (ciwb) at the u.s. state-level. i do so by estimating dynamic asymmetric models with fixed effects estimation. i find that increases in all three measures are associated with increases in the ciwb. decreases in the energy production-consumption ratio and the share of exports from the mining sector do not affect the ciwb, while a decrease in the share of gdp from the mining sector produces a proportional reduction in the ciwb relative to an increase. the estimated net effect of all three variables suggests that an increase in fossil fuel dependency increases the ciwb, while a decrease has no effect. when the ciwb is disaggregated, i find that changes in the energy production-consumption ratio are driving changes in emissions and that changes in the share of gdp from the mining sector are responsible for changes in health-adjusted life expectancy. given that the net effect of a decrease in fossil fuel dependency is not statistically significant, i conclude by arguing that a planned, managed transition away from fossil fuel extraction is critical to ensuring simultaneous improvements in human and environmental well-being.
2. title: environmental non-migration as adaptation in hazard-prone areas: evidence from coastal bangladesh
authors: fatema khatun, md. nasif ahsan, sonia afrin, jeroen warner, ... pankaj kumar
abstract: despite suffering significantly from the adverse impacts of climate change and human-induced hazards, many people at risk deliberately choose not to migrate from hazard-prone areas in coastal bangladesh. as many of them encounter significant challenges in maintaining their livelihoods, ascertaining how and under what circumstances voluntary non-migration decisions occur is crucial. only a handful of studies have investigated whether individuals and groups who decide to stay put in the face of climatic hazards consider their decision to be an adaptive action. in this regard, this study contributes to the existing literature by empirically investigating the voluntary non-migration decision as an adaptation strategy through an exploration of the factors affecting this decision. we employed a systematic random sampling technique and selected 627 respondents from two climatic hazard-prone coastal districts: khulna and satkhira. using the generalized structural equation model (gsem), we found that voluntary non-migrants (84% of total respondents) appeared to enjoy the significant advantage of access to their communities' basic need provision and social support. furthermore, the social, psychological, and economic opportunities found at their existing location (e.g., better income prospects, affordable living costs, receipt of financial help during post-disaster periods, and skills allowing them to stay in that location), as well as their access to local natural resources, strengthened their social capital and thus influenced their desire to stay. together, these factors enhanced people�s adaptability to climatic shocks and motivated them to choose voluntary non-migration as an adaptation option.
3. title: understanding technological, cultural, and environmental motivators explaining the adoption of citizen science apps for coastal environment monitoring
authors: mariana cardoso-andrade, frederico cruz-jesus, jesus souza troncoso, henrique queiroga, jorge m. s. gon�alves
abstract: environmental and nature conservation authorities are calling for a collective effort to break or reduce the current cycle of environmental degradation. much of the response depends on scientific knowledge production based on thematically and geographically comprehensive datasets. citizen science (cs) is a cost-effective support tool for scientific research that provides means for building large and comprehensive datasets and promoting public awareness and participation. one of the greatest challenges of cs is to engage citizens and retain participants in the project. our work addresses this challenge by (1) defining the role that technological, cultural, and environmental dimensions play in the adoption of cs apps for coastal environment monitoring, and (2) providing base knowledge about the profile of the apps� most likely users and the functional features they require to be successful. collectivists and people who assume a green identity are the most likely users of these apps. drivers of their use are the promotion of citizen empowerment, habit development, provision of facilitating conditions, and proof of environmental performance. the outcome of this study is a set of guidelines for project managers, app developers, and policymakers for citizens� engagement and retention in cs coastal environment monitoring projects through their apps.
4. title: experiences of vulnerable households in low-attention disasters: marshalltown, iowa (united states) after the ef3 tornado
authors: sara hamideh, payel sen
abstract: tornados are among natural hazards that many towns in the midwest region of the united states (us) experience frequently, sometimes with relatively overwhelming impacts and little attention and resources from media or government entities. low-attention disasters that affect vulnerable populations create unique recovery challenges that are rarely addressed in the disaster literature. this paper presents a qualitative case study of impacts and recovery of housing in marshalltown, iowa, us after an ef3 tornado in 2018 which affected a large portion of the town, in particular neighborhoods with high concentration of immigrant, low-income households in old and poorly maintained housing. our analyses highlight the long-term challenges created by delayed and unsuccessful recovery of housing as a result of the intersection of pre-disaster social and physical vulnerability and inadequate housing recovery policy.
5. title: global rainbow distribution under current and future climates
authors: kimberly m. carlson, camilo mora, jinwen xu, renee o. setter, ... steven businger
abstract: rainbows contribute to human wellbeing by providing an inspiring connection to nature. because the rainbow is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that results from the refraction of sunlight by rainwater droplets, changes in precipitation and cloud cover due to anthropogenic climate forcing will alter rainbow distribution. yet, we lack a basic understanding of the current spatial distribution of rainbows and how climate change might alter this pattern. to assess how climate change might affect rainbow viewing opportunities, we developed a global database of crowd-sourced photographed rainbows, trained an empirical model of rainbow occurrence, and applied this model to present-day climate and three future climate scenarios. results suggest that the average terrestrial location on earth currently has 117 � 71 days per year with conditions suitable for rainbows. by 2100, climate change is likely to generate a 4.0�4.9 % net increase in mean global annual rainbow-days (i.e., days with at least one rainbow), with the greatest change under the highest emission scenario. around 21�34 % of land areas will lose rainbow-days and 66�79 % will gain rainbow-days, with rainbow gain hotspots mainly in high-latitude and high-elevation regions with smaller human populations. our research demonstrates that alterations to non-tangible environmental attributes due to climate change could be significant and are worthy of consideration and mitigation.
6. title: colonial contexts and the feasibility of mitigation through transition: a study of the impact of historical processes on the emissions dynamics of nation-states
authors: patrick trent greiner
abstract: it has long been accepted that the relative affluence and technological efficiency of nations are important contributors to their rate of emissions. these associations have, in turn, driven questions about the feasibility of mitigating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions through incremental transition to �business as usual� policy structures in variant social contexts. here, i explore the extent to which the historical context of colonial relations impacts the feasibility of a nation mitigating emissions per capita, emissions per dollar, and total emissions under current development logics. to do so i examine the structure of variation for 152 nations during the 1960�2018 period. subsequently, i examine how being situated as an extractive colony in the past serves to moderate the association of gdp per capita with co 2 emissions per capita, co 2 emissions per dollar, and total co 2 emissions in the present. i find that roughly 11% of cross-national variation in co 2 emissions per capita and co 2 emissions per dollar, as well as nearly 6% of variation in total co 2 emissions between 1960 and 2018 is attributable to having been historically subjected to extractive colonial processes. these findings suggest that mitigation of emissions through transition of �business as usual� policy structures appears significantly less feasible for nations positioned as extractive colonies in the past, relative to all others.
7. title: global forest products markets and forest sector carbon impacts of projected sea level rise
authors: prakash nepal, jeffrey p. prestemon, linda a. joyce, kenneth e. skog
abstract: sea level rise (slr) is among the climate-change-related problems of greatest concern, threatening the lives and property of coastal residents and generating far-reaching economic and ecological impacts. we project that slr will lead to an increase in the rate of new housing construction to replace destroyed structures, impact global wood products supply and demand conditions, and cause changes in global forest sector carbon mitigation potential. findings indicate that 71 million new units will be built by 2050 to accommodate the slr-affected global population. more than two-thirds of these new units are projected to be in asia. the estimated extra wood products needed to build these new residential units is 1,659 million m3, assuming that all these structures would be built mainly with wood, representing a 4 % increase in total wood consumption, compared to projected reference level global wood products consumption. increased timber removals to meet this higher construction wood demand (alternative scenario) is shown to deplete global forest carbon by 2 % by 2050 compared to the reference scenario. however, all such projected declines in forest biomass carbon could be more than offset by increased carbon sequestration in harvested wood products, avoided emissions due to substitution of wood for non-wood materials in construction, and biomass regrowth on forestland by 2050, with an estimated net emissions reduction benefit of 0.47 tco2e/tco2e of extra wood used in slr-related new houses over 30 years. the global net emissions reduction benefit increased to 2.13 tco2e/tco2e of extra wood when price-induced changes in forest land area were included.
8. title: can u.s. multi-state climate mitigation agreements work? a perspective from embedded emission flows
authors: kaihui song, giovanni baiocchi, kuishuang feng, klaus hubacek, ... dabo guan
abstract: subnational and non-governmental actors are expected to provide important contributions to broader climate actions. a consistent and accurate quantification of their ghg emissions is an important prerequisite for the success of such efforts. however, emissions embodied in domestic and international supply chains, that can undermine the effectiveness of climate agreements, add challenges to the quantification of emissions originating from the consumption of goods and services produced elsewhere. we examine emission transfers between the states that have joined the u.s. climate alliance (usca) and others. our results show that states pledging to curb emissions consistent with the paris agreement were responsible for approximately 40% of total u.s. territorial ghg emissions. however, when accounting for transferred emissions through international and interstate supply chains of the products they consume, the share of alliance states increased to 52.4% of the national total ghg emissions. the consumption-based emissions for some alliance states, such as massachusetts and new york, could be more than 1.5 times higher than their production-based emissions. our detailed sectoral analysis highlights the challenges facing such agreements to extend cooperation in the future for larger joint benefit given the potential for carbon leakage from member states implementing stricter environmental policies that could lead to higher emissions from non-member states. it is critical for these arrangements to pay close attention to transferred emissions.
9. title: a global mental health opportunity: how can cultural concepts of distress broaden the construct of immobility?
authors: mary c. harasym, emmanuel raju, sonja ayeb-karlsson
abstract: (im)mobility studies often focus on people on the move, neglecting those who stay, are immobile, or are trapped. the duality of the covid-19 pandemic and the climate crisis creates a global mental health challenge, impacting the most structurally oppressed, including immobile populations. the construct of immobility is investigated in the context of socio-political variables but lacks examination of the clinical psychological factors that impact immobility. research is beginning to identify self-reported emotions that immobile populations experience through describing metaphors like feeling trapped. this article identifies links in the literature between cultural concepts of distress drawn from transcultural psychiatry and immobility studies. feeling trapped is described in mental health research widely. among (im)mobile people and non-mobility contexts, populations experience various mental health conditions from depression to the cultural syndrome, nervios. the connection of feeling trapped to ccd research lends itself to potential utility in immobility research. the conceptualisation can support broadening and deepening the comprehension of this global mental health challenge � how immobile populations� experience feeling trapped. to broaden the analytical framework of immobility and incorporate ccd, evidence is needed to fill the gaps on the psychological aspects of immobility research.
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