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volume 48, issue 5, october 2021
1. title: towards wide-scale adoption of open science practices: the role of open science communities
authors: kristijan armeni, loek brinkman, rickard carlsson, anita eerland, rianne fijten.
abstract: despite the increasing availability of open science (os) infrastructure and the rise in policies to change behaviour, os practices are not yet the norm. while pioneering researchers are developing os practices, the majority sticks to status quo. to transition to common practice, we must engage a critical proportion of the academic community. in this transition, os communities (oscs) play a key role. oscs are bottom-up learning groups of scholars that discuss os within and across disciplines. they make os knowledge more accessible and facilitate communication among scholars and policymakers. over the past two years, eleven oscs were founded at several dutch university cities. in other countries, similar oscs are starting up. in this article, we discuss the pivotal role oscs play in the large-scale transition to os. we emphasize that, despite the grassroot character of oscs, support from universities is critical for oscs to be viable, effective, and sustainable.
2. title: the balanced state of application-oriented public research and technology organisations
authors: bal�zs borsi.
abstract: analytical tools that systematically take into account the contexts and complexities of innovations can provide valuable insights. public research and technology organizations (pros) are at the intersection of contextual complexities involving business, government, and academia. hence, studying and strategically managing them call for specific methods. in the article, the triple helix (th) viewpoints of business, government, and academia are used to study activities and processes of pros. building on theories of academic capitalism, resource dependency, and related strategic management research, a th-specific analytical framework is proposed to assist in establishing a common language and structural construct for pro strategic management. using the framework, a secondary analysis of nineteen case studies from eleven european countries and japan points to the main elements of the balanced th regime pros. in the case of these specific, historically embedded organizations and during their �endless transition�, attention is called to the strategic need for fit between the external environments and internal capabilities and the th-related factors facilitating strategic congruence.
3. title: decoupling in science and education: a collateral damage beyond deteriorating us�china relations
authors: li tang, cong cao, zheng wang, zhuo zhou.
abstract: deteriorating relations between the usa and china since 2018 have extended to education and scientific research arenas. we put the us�china science and education in a historical perspective and describe the win�win situation when both countries collaborated. we discuss an ongoing loss�loss scenario of the decoupling and speculate its far-reaching adverse impacts beyond bilateral territories. we call for actions to be taken for a brighter future by the leaderships in both countries.
4. title: does it pay to do novel science? the selectivity patterns in science funding
authors: charles ayoubi, michele pezzoni, fabiana visentin.
abstract: public funding agencies aim to fund novel breakthrough research to promote the radical scientific discoveries of tomorrow. identifying the profiles of scientists being financed to pursue their research is therefore crucial. this paper shows that the funding process is not always awarding the most novel scientists. exploiting rich data on all applications to a leading swiss research funding program, we find that novel scientists have a higher probability of applying for funds than non-novel scientists, but they get on average lower ratings by grant evaluators and have fewer chances of being funded. we discuss the implications for the allocation of scientific research spending.
5. title: high-tech infrastructure and economic growth: the materials genome initiative
authors: troy scott, amanda walsh, benjamin anderson, alan o�connor, gregory tassey.
abstract: this paper examines the economic impact potential of a major innovative effort by the us government to systematically coordinate, implement, and manage a technical infrastructure to support innovation and subsequent market penetration of advanced material technologies. called the materials genome initiative (mgi), this high-tech infrastructure consists of a range of policy instruments that can be used to leverage the efficiency of both research and development and production. to determine and rank the potential economic impacts of various mgi infrastructure targets and thereby provide policy input for portfolio management, surveys were conducted to obtain industry estimates of materials infrastructure needs. from these surveys, the economic benefits of implementing the mgi were calculated. the analysis projects potential economic benefits from an improved materials innovation infrastructure of between $123 billion and $270 billion per year.
6. title: the impact of a national research assessment on the publications of sociologists in italy
authors: aliakbar akbaritabar, giangiacomo bravo, flaminio squazzoni.
abstract: this article investigates the impact of the second national research assessment (vqr 2004�10), which was performed in 2011 by the italian national agency for the evaluation of universities and research institutes, on publication strategies by sociologists in italy. we reconstructed all publications from italian sociologists in scopus between 2006 and 2015, that is five years before and after the assessment. we also checked academic tenure and promotions during the assessment. our results showed the potentially distortive effect of institutional signals on publications given that italian sociologists published more in journals that were considered influential for assessment, some, however, being of doubtful quality. our findings would suggest that the use of informed peer review and ad hoc journal ranking could stimulate adaptive responses based on strategic journal targeting to ensure publication.
7. title: the value priorities of consumer innovators
authors: helle alsted s�ndergaard, john th�gersen.
abstract: contributing to the understanding of drivers for innovation, we report the first study of the value base of consumer innovation. based on a survey with representative samples across ten european countries (n h" 10,000), about 5 per cent of participants are engaged in innovation activities in their leisure time, which is in line with earlier, single-country studies. the study confirms that consumer innovation is significantly related to personal value priorities and as expected, consumer innovators give higher priority to openness-to-change values than non-innovators. more surprisingly, consumer innovators are less motivated by hedonistic goals (fun and enjoyment) and more by concern for other people and society (i.e. self-transcendence values) than non-innovators. this adds an important dimension to existing knowledge and understanding of what motivates consumer innovation, helps differentiate consumer innovators from other consumers, and offers important input to the development of policies for facilitating or supporting consumer innovation.
8. title: democracy, complexity, and science: exploring structural sources of national scientific performance
authors: travis a whetsell, ana-maria dimand, koen jonkers, jeroen baas, caroline s wagner.
abstract: scholars have long hypothesized that democratic forms of government are more compatible with scientific advancement. however, empirical analysis testing the democracy�science compatibility hypothesis remains underdeveloped. this article explores the effect of democratic governance on scientific performance using panel data on 124 countries between 2007�2017. we find evidence supporting the democracy�science hypothesis. further, using both internal and external measures of complexity, we estimate the effects of complexity as a moderating factor between the democracy�science connection. the results show differential main effects of economic complexity, globalization, and international collaboration on scientific performance, as well as significant interaction effects that moderate the effect of democracy on scientific performance. the findings show the significance of democratic governance and complex systems in national scientific performance.
9. title: boosting innovation in small- and medium-sized enterprises through tax incentives: lessons from the uk
authors: firoz ehsan.
abstract: today�s technological frontrunners are tomorrow�s economic champions. in order to triumph in the global innovation race, nations go to great lengths to boost domestic innovation. an increasingly popular instrument of such government support is known as the �r&d tax incentive�. scholars have particularly noted its greater incentive impact on small- and medium-sized enterprises (smes). however, correct use of this fiscal tool remains clouded by legal and economic complexities, often leading to misallocation of tax money. this study draws on the rich experience of the uk as a seasoned lawmaker in this field, to derive internationally transferrable policy lessons and principles that may be used in assessing and optimizing the potency of research and development tax incentives for smes. following a theoretical analysis of the historical legal developments, annual government statistics, literature, and policy papers, this study argues that policymakers must take into account appropriateness, cost-efficiency, and accessibility in the design.
10. title: governing varieties of mission-oriented innovation policies: a new typology
authors: florian wittmann, miriam hufnagl, ralf lindner, florian roth, jakob edler.
abstract: many governments in europe and beyond have subscribed to mission-oriented innovation policies (moips), aiming to steer innovation systems to directly address grand societal challenges. the emerging diversity of moips, however, creates difficulties to define this approach and assess its effectiveness and efficiency. in this paper, we propose a new typology for moips. it consists of four ideal types of missions and extends the established dichotomy of transformer and accelerator missions. the framework emphasizes the role of the state in moips, drawing attention to the implementation process and governance requirements as key features of mission implementation. a first application across the diverse missions of the german hightech strategy 2025 demonstrates the analytical value of the framework and allows identifying type-specific challenges. in sum, the new typology and its operationalization improve the understanding of moips and enhance the possibilities for systematic comparisons and impact assessments.
11. title: transformative outcomes: assessing and reorienting experimentation with transformative innovation policy
authors: bipashyee ghosh, paula kivimaa, matias ramirez, johan schot, jonas torrens.
abstract: the impending climate emergency, the paris agreement and sustainable development goals demand significant transformations in economies and societies. science funders, innovation agencies, and scholars have explored new rationales and processes for policymaking, such as transformative innovation policy (tip). here, we address the question of how to orient the efforts of science, technology, and innovation policy actors to enable transformations. we build on sustainability transitions research and a 4-year co-creation journey of the tip consortium to present twelve transformative outcomes that can guide public policy agencies in evaluating and reformulating their projects, programmes, and policies. we illustrate the transformative outcomes in two empirical cases: transitions towards mobility-as-a-service in the finnish transport system and the emergence of speciality coffee in colombia. we argue that the twelve transformative outcomes can guide public policy agents to fundamentally transform their ways of thinking and operation in advancing transformative change.
12. title: the publicness of publicly funded research
authors: albert n link, caroline s wagner.
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