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volume 42, issue 4, autumn 2023
1. title: the effect of e-cigarette taxes on pre-pregnancy and prenatal smoking
authors: rahi abouk, scott adams, bo feng, johanna catherine maclean, michael f. pesko
abstract: e-cigarette taxes are an active area of legislation and have important regulatory implications by proxying e-cigarette accessibility. we examine the effect of e-cigarette taxes on prepregnancy and prenatal smoking using the near-universe of births to mothers conceiving between 2013 and 2019 in the united states. using fixed effect regressions, we show that e-cigarette taxes increase prepregnancy and prenatal smoking. we also find evidence that e-cigarette taxes reduce prepregnancy and 3rd trimester e-cigarette use. finally, we show that e-cigarette taxes increase news coverage of e-cigarettes and raise perceptions of risk of e-cigarettes.
2. title: the thin blue line in schools: new evidence on school-based policing across the u.s.
authors: lucy c. sorensen, montserrat avila-acosta, john b. engberg, shawn d. bushway
abstract: u.s. public school students increasingly attend schools with sworn law enforcement officers present. yet little is known about how these school resource officers (sros) affect school environments or student outcomes. our study uses a fuzzy regression discontinuity (rd) design with national school-level data from 2014 to 2018 to estimate the impacts of sro placement. we construct this discontinuity based on the application scores for federal school-based policing grants of linked police agencies. we find that sros effectively reduce some forms of violence in schools, but do not prevent gun-related incidents. we also find that sros intensify the use of suspension, expulsion, police referral, and arrest of students. these increases in disciplinary and police actions are consistently largest for black students, male students, and students with disabilities.
3. title: how does technology-based monitoring affect street-level bureaucrats' behavior? an analysis of body-worn cameras and police actions
authors: inkyu kang
abstract: body-worn cameras may produce varying effects on police behavior, depending on the agency-specific accountability context in which the technology adoption is embedded. the cameras may encourage coercive police actions when acquired to incentivize performance, such as by protecting officers from false complaints. by contrast, when acquired to enhance procedural accountability, such as by enabling closer scrutiny of officer misconduct, the cameras may discourage coercive police actions. based on this framework, this study examined the case of the new orleans police department, an agency that implemented a body-worn camera program to enhance both performance and procedural accountability. results of bayesian structural time-series modeling with synthetic control show that the program increased the number of investigatory stops and follow-up measures (i.e., frisk, search, citation, arrest) while decreasing the ratio of more-to-less coercive measures during stops (i.e., arrest/citation-to-warning ratio and search-to-frisk ratio). however, the program had a null effect on the minority-to-white suspect ratio, despite the agency's bias-free policing initiative. the percentage of frisks and searches detecting drugs or weapons also declined. a broader implication of the findings is that technology-based monitoring mechanisms are important, but not a silver bullet for improving the behavior of street-level bureaucrats.
4. title: can text messages reduce incarceration in rural and vulnerable populations?
authors: emily owens, carlywill sloan
abstract: reducing failures to appear (fta) in court is a top priority for criminal justice practitioners and advocates. however, existing work on reducing ftas through text message reminders focuses on large urban jurisdictions and defendants who are housed. using a field study in shasta county, california, we evaluate whether text message outreach can increase court appearances for housed and unhoused populations. we find housed defendants randomly assigned to the treatment group were 10% less likely to miss their next scheduled court date than defendants in the control group. we find no statistical difference in the fta rate of unhoused individuals assigned to treatment or control groups, and cannot rule out large positive or negative effects. we find that improving the quality of contact information in court records could lead to large reductions in ftas. partnering with local social service providers may not, but more research is needed.
5. title: local supply, temporal dynamics, and unrealized potential in teacher hiring
authors: jessalynn james, matthew a. kraft, john p. papay
abstract: we explore the dynamics of competitive search in the k�12 public education sector. using detailed panel data on teacher hiring from boston public schools, we document how teacher labor supply varies substantially across vacancies even within a single district depending on position type, school characteristics, and the timing of job postings. we find that early-posted positions are more likely to be filled and end up securing new hires that are better qualified, more effective, and more likely to remain at a school. in contrast, the number of applicants to a position is largely unassociated with hire quality, suggesting that schools may struggle to identify and select the best candidates even when there is a large pool of qualified applicants. these patterns persist even when we restrict comparisons to only positions within an individual school using school fixed effects. our findings point to substantial unrealized potential for improving teacher hiring.
6. title: non-monetary obstacles to medical care: evidence from postpartum contraceptives
authors: barton willage, marisa carlos, kevin callison
abstract: we use changes to medicaid immediate postpartum policy to test whether non-monetary costs are meaningful obstacles to health care. medicaid in several states currently covers long-acting reversible contraceptives (larcs, including iuds and implants) immediately following delivery of a child, eliminating much of the time-cost and stress associated with obtaining a larc. postpartum larcs can reduce unintended and short-interval pregnancies, which are associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. births that occur in catholic-owned hospitals are an ideal control group, because these hospitals are prohibited from offering family-planning services, including larcs. using difference-in-differences and individual-level administrative data from louisiana and new york, we find eliminating non-monetary obstacles increases take-up of a high-value and highly effective form of contraception. additionally, we find no evidence of crowd-out of outpatient larcs.
7. title: seeking sanctuary: housing undocumented immigrants
authors: derek christopher
abstract: this paper studies housing market outcomes of undocumented immigrants in the u.s. and explores the mechanisms behind the differential prices that immigrants pay for shelter. i show that undocumented renters pay a premium for housing relative to observably similar, documented, immigrant renters occupying similar housing. building on theory and suggestive evidence that the premium is the result of search frictions driven by fear of deportation, i employ a triple-differences strategy to evaluate the impacts of sanctuary city policies on housing market outcomes of undocumented immigrants. i find that sanctuary city policies, which limit immigration enforcement, reduce housing costs of undocumented renters, suggesting such policies mitigate search frictions for this group.
8. title: the employment and redistributive effects of reducing or eliminating minimum wage tip credits
authors: david neumark, maysen yen
abstract: recent policy debate on minimum wages has focused not only on raising the minimum wage, but on eliminating the tip credit for restaurant workers. we use data on past variation in tip credits�or minimum wages for restaurant workers�to provide evidence on the potential impacts of eliminating (or reducing) the tip credit. our evidence points to higher tipped minimum wages (smaller tip credits) reducing jobs among tipped restaurant workers, without positive earnings effects on those who remain employed sufficiently large to raise total earnings in this sector. and most of our evidence provides no indication that higher tipped minimum wages would be well targeted to poor or low-income families or reduce the likelihood of being poor or very low income.
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9. title: environmental justice and resiliency in an age of uncertainty ed. by celeste murphy-greene, 2023, 166 pp., $136.00 (hardcover); $39.16 (ebook); $39.16 (paper). isbn 9781032024493.
authors: nicholas kacher
abstract: the article reviews the book �environmental justice and resiliency in an age of uncertainty� by celeste murphy-greene.
10. title: public innovation and digital transformation by hannele v�yrynen, nina helander, harri jalonen, eds., 2022, london: routledge, 210 pages, �104.00 ($170.00) (hardback). isbn 9781032137414.
authors: anshar syukur, putri nurjayana muin
abstract: the article reviews the book �public innovation and digital transformation� by hannele v�yrynen, nina helander and harri jalonen.
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authors: nicholas croce
abstract: the article reviews the book �poverty, by america� by matthew desmond.
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